As Climate Change debate wages on, scientists turn to Hollywood for help
Keeping the public looped in on what scientists are discovering has never been easy. For one thing, the traditional explainers 鈥� journalists 鈥� can distort, hype, or oversimplify the latest breakthroughs. But the need to communicate science broadly and clearly has never been more urgent.
Understanding science helps people know 鈥渨here the truth speakers are on an issue鈥� such as climate change, says Robert Semper, the executive associate director of the Exploratorium, a hands-on science center in San Francisco.
鈥淭he more educated and knowledgeable the public is about science ... the more responsible they can be when it comes time for voting or expressing opinions about public policy,鈥� adds Leslie Fink, a public affairs specialist at the National Science Foundation (NSF) in Washington.
The importance of getting the word out has science organizations scrambling to explore new channels, from souped up websites to asking Hollywood for help.
The current climate-change furor has become the poster child for what happens when there鈥檚 a communications gap between scientists and the public. The vast majority of scientists see compelling evidence that the world鈥檚 climate is about to change significantly, and that the change is largely driven by human activity. Yet polls show public opinion becoming more skeptical about climate change.
Contributing to that swing have been efforts by skeptics to point out flaws in specific portions of the landmark 2007 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and question whether other findings might have been manipulated. An usually snowy winter in parts of the United States has also brought scorn from critics, who ask, 鈥淲here is the global warming?鈥� (Data tell another story: Worldwide, last January was one of the warmest on record, and the decade 2000-2009 was the hottest on record, according to the World Meteorological Organization.)
The result has been a 鈥渃orrosion鈥� of public confidence in climate science, says Ralph Cicerone, president of the National Academy of Sciences. That 鈥渄amage,鈥� he says, 鈥渉as spilled over into other fields of science.鈥�
At the same time, traditional news media outlets have been cutting back on science writers. In 2008, CNN dismantled its entire science reporting staff. While few newsroom cuts have targeted science coverage so directly, countless examples of thinning ranks 鈥� including ABC News announcing in February that it will shed about 25 percent of its news division 鈥� have displaced many specialist reporters.
鈥淧rofessional journalism has been cut to the bone. And the first people to go are science journalists,鈥� says Bora Zivkovic, who writes the science blog 鈥淎 Blog Around the Clock鈥� from Chapel Hill, N.C., and serves as online community manager for PLoS One, a peer-reviewed science journal. With fewer authorities in the media, 鈥渟cientists have to take that over,鈥� he says. Mr. Zivkovic spoke as part of a panel on how to better communicate science at the annual convention of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in San Diego last month.
One effort, announced at the meeting, will recruit Hollywood to help scientists tell their stories. NSF and the University of Southern California will team up to draw on USC鈥檚 expertise in film, TV, websites, and video games. The partnership will be the first between a federal agency and a film school.
鈥淓ntertainment media has been pretty much untapped as far as science literacy goes,鈥� Dr. Fink says. A huge portion of the public doesn鈥檛 go to science museums or watch science programming on TV, she says. 鈥淭hose are the eyeballs we鈥檙e trying to capture.鈥�
Feature films such as 鈥�Apollo 13鈥� and 鈥淐ontact鈥� show that movies can be both box-office successes and inspire careers in science, says Elizabeth Daley, dean of USC鈥檚 School of Cinematic Arts, whose graduates are used to winning Oscars, not Nobel Prizes. She hopes the program will provide screenwriters, producers, and directors with knowledgeable science sources to advise them.
The short cartoon within the 1993 film 鈥�Jurassic Park鈥� that showed how one might clone dinosaurs provides a terrific example of what could be produced, Dr. Daley says. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a very clear, simple explanation of DNA that people can understand.鈥�
As news outlets scale back science coverage, the Exploratorium鈥檚 Dr. Semper says that 鈥渘onprofits are actually becoming the intermediary between science and the public more than in the past.鈥�
Semper鈥檚 center has reached out directly to scientists to help them tell their stories online. For example, the Exploratorium鈥檚 online feature 鈥淚ce Stories鈥� was the result of giving polar scientists cameras and blogs to report back on what they learned in the field. Young scientists in particular are 鈥渧ery excited about talking about their work to the public,鈥� he says.
Some might look for today鈥檚 Carl Sagan, the scientist who popularized astronomy through books and TV shows decades ago. Dr. Sagan had a way of engaging people by explaining the wonder of space 鈥� a very positive message, Semper says.
Today鈥檚 climate story is often framed as a sober warning, not as an exciting adventure. Some of that is by necessity. 鈥淚t鈥檚 important for the public to know that scientists are coming across this evidence [of climate change] 鈥� it鈥檚 real evidence 鈥� that there may be some disagreements among the details but that doesn鈥檛 negate the entire picture,鈥� Semper says. But the effort to better understanding earth鈥檚 climate is also exciting, a message that has been lost, he says. 鈥淭he scientific questions are absolutely fascinating.鈥�
Universities have stepped up their communication efforts as well. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Mass., the paper-and-ink campus newspaper is long gone. But in September, the MIT News Office unveiled a new website aimed not just at the college community but at readers around the world, says Nathaniel Nickerson, editorial director of the news office. Five full-time science writers don鈥檛 try to 鈥渉ype鈥� the work of MIT scientists, he says. Instead, as journalists would do, they seek sources outside MIT to critique the research. The new website is attracting 350,000 to 400,000 unique visitors per month, Mr. Nickerson says, more than expected and accomplished 鈥渨ithout any marketing whatsoever.鈥�
Even the US government has joined in with a new site called climate.gov, aimed at being a reliable source of data and facts on climate change.
鈥淚t鈥檚 clear that there鈥檚 been an insufficient job of communicating climate information to the public,鈥� says Jane Lubchenco, the administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which runs the website. 鈥淚 think much more needs to be done to communicate to policymakers and citizens everywhere how important this issue is, what鈥檚 at stake, and what the opportunities are for addressing climate change.鈥�
Scientists must learn that in the online era, sharing with the public is now a two-way conversation, not a one-way broadcast, blogger Zivkovic says. 鈥淭alking 鈥榦ne to many鈥� is now seen as talking down,鈥� he says. Scientists today also need to know how to produce compelling videos and still images that explain their work. 鈥淲e don鈥檛 need one Sagan,鈥� Zivkovic says. 鈥淲e need several hundred of them, each in a different place.鈥�
[Editor's note: The original version of this story misstated which group will team up with the University of Southern California. It will be the National Science Foundation.]
