海角大神

With Spain鈥檚 average rainfall down 40 percent last year, many cities have restricted residents from filling their swimming pools or watering their lawns. But perhaps no municipality has developed such diverse and creative solutions as hard-hit Barcelona, which this week began a 鈧�44 million ($68 million) operation to bring in drinking water by ship.

On Tuesday, the first vessel 鈥� from the southern city of Tarragona 鈥� arrived in Barcelona鈥檚 port, where firemen discharged the ship鈥檚 20 tanks into a pipeline linked to the city鈥檚 water distribution network. The next day, Barcelona residents were drinking Tarragona water from their taps.

The measure is designed to stave off a water crisis that has been building for some time and has reduced Barcelona鈥檚 reservoirs to 20 percent of their capacity.

鈥淔or the past four years, we鈥檝e had a shortage of rain,鈥� says Narcis Prat, a water expert at the University of Barcelona. 鈥淣ow we have a shortage of water. Without significant rain, we only have enough to last until December.鈥�

Professor Prat points out that the population of Spain鈥檚 second-largest city has grown by more than 1.5 million in the past 15 years, stretching limited resources further. That means the citizens鈥� 鈥渆xcellent鈥� conservation habits aren鈥檛 enough, says Barcelona鈥檚 mayor, Jordi Hereu.

鈥淭he area of Barcelona is exemplary in its consumption,鈥� he says. 鈥淏ut we鈥檙e talking about 5.5 million people.... And all of them have a right to water.鈥�

The water boats are the most immediate solution, which will allow the city to forgo rationing over the summer. Ten ships will bring an estimated 2.6 cubic hectometers of water to the city each month for the next six months. Most of it will be bought from Tarragona and Marseilles, though some will also come from a desalination plant in southern Spain.

The city has entertained other ideas, too. Some have been discarded, such as importing water by train (too expensive) or diverting it from the Rhone (too lengthy a process).

Other measures, such as recycling water, are still in the works, though none offers a perfect solution. Newly dug wells have angered local farmers, who argue that they salinate native aquifers. A desalination plant, slated for completion in 2009, which will convert Barcelona鈥檚 seawater to fresh, has provoked the ire of environmentalists and raised concerns about other resources.

鈥淒esalination plants require a lot of energy to run,鈥� says Joan Armengol, professor of ecology at the University of Barcelona. 鈥淎nd just as we have a shortage of water, we have a shortage of energy in Spain.鈥�

No measure has been more controversial than a pipeline to divert water from the Ebro River to Barcelona. In addition to concerns about compromising other areas鈥� water supplies, it has provoked charges of political favoritism, since the Socialist federal government approved the pipeline for Barcelona, which is also controlled by Socialists, but overturned plans for a similar pipeline to Valencia and Murcia, two thirsty areas run by the opposition Popular Party.

The debate over the pipeline, which should be completed in October, has become so fierce that it鈥檚 been dubbed the 鈥渨ater wars.鈥�

But even cooler heads see problems with it. 鈥淲hat we need is something that isn鈥檛 just one-way. What we need is a whole network that guarantees supply ... so that water can circulate throughout the region,鈥� says Professor Armengol.

Local officials and the regional water authority argue that the multiple efforts will guarantee supplies in both the short and long term.

鈥淲e鈥檙e exploring all preventive options so that we can guarantee water supplies now and in the future,鈥� says mayor Hereu. 鈥淲ater is a fundamental right, and the government has to protect it.鈥�

But some critics worry that the government is missing the most effective solution.

鈥泪苍 California, where they have a lot of experience with water shortages, a city like Los Angeles can negotiate for water with a place like the Imperial Valley that has greater supply. They create a water bank,鈥� says Prat. 鈥淗ere, we don鈥檛 have these global solutions.

鈥淥ur government may be Socialist, but when it comes to water policy, Schwarzenegger is far more progressive.鈥�