Slow climate change or end energy poverty? Let's do both.
The United Nation鈥檚 (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to address two energy-related challenges: energy access and global climate change. Improving a countries quality of life and economic standards requires access to reliable and cheap energy鈥攁ccess that 1.3 billion people around the world still don鈥檛 have and energy consumption that is the main driver of global climate change.
Unfortunately, the proposed SDGs fall short and require changes to advance meaningful solutions to both cut carbon and eliminate energy poverty.
The SDGs are the successor to the Millennial Development Goals (MDGs), have been the penultimate development markers for low-income countries and expire at the end of 2015. While the MDGs and SDGs are both aspirational in theory, in practice the SDGs will drive global development investment towards key sustainability issues for the next 15 years. In other words, we need to get this strategy right.
Unfortunately, the SDGs fall short in two ways: defining modern energy access and disincentivizing energy innovation.
Defining modern energy access
The UN Open Working Group recently released the SDG鈥檚 17 goals and tentative metrics for discussion. Goal 7 states, 鈥淓nsure access to affordable, sustainable, and reliable, modern energy services for all.鈥� But before the international community can set tangible targets for meeting this goal, it needs to address the critical issue on how to define, 鈥渕odern energy access.鈥�
Currently, there is no universally accepted definition for energy access, but the International Energy Agency (IEA) measures modern energy access as 100 kilowatt hours (kWh) per person per year. As Todd Moss, senior fellow with the Center for Global Development, points out, the average American consumes 100 kWh in just three days, and people in more energy efficient European States use this same amount in five days.
A report by the Center for Clean Energy Innovation, Beyond 2015: An Innovation-Based Framework for Global Climate Policy, further illustrates this deficiency by explaining that it takes over 500 kWh to keep one 60-watt light bulb lit for a year, whereas 100 kWh is about enough electricity to power a few light bulbs and a fan for a couple hours a day.
In other words, the international community鈥檚 definition of access is woefully short of the type of energy consumption high-income countries use on a daily basis. Of course, creating universal energy access at any level above zero would be a momentous step in global development, but if we are setting the bar at 100 kWh, we are restricting ourselves from the start and potentially dooming the SDG goals from the start.
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By extension, the technology solutions for improving energy access will only be as powerful as the goal; so limiting the goal will produce limited solutions. If we aim higher鈥攕ay, the equivalent of a household with access to refrigeration, heating, cooling, and lighting in an energy-efficient, developed country鈥攖here is greater incentive to develop solutions with truly transformative potential. If we aim lower鈥攕ay, the equivalent of a household with access to one light bulb鈥攚e鈥檙e more likely to get limited solutions.
What would be considered a just measure of 鈥渕odern energy access鈥�? A fairer level would be a number closer to that of the per capita energy consumption of efficient high-income countries, such as Germany (7,081 kWh) or Japan (7,848 kWh). These are two countries in the forefront as leaders for sustainable energy consumption with nation-wide initiatives that promote renewables resources and energy technology innovation.
Improving energy access with innovation
To ensure that a higher energy access target is also affordable, reliable, and low-carbon, the SDGs must address energy innovation. Cheap low-carbon energy with the potential to scale and provide high levels of energy access is required to compete with fossil fuels without the crutch of subsidies, so that national governments don鈥檛 need to choose between industrializing cleanly or industrializing cheaply. Countries will be able to eliminate fossil fuel consumption or solve their energy poverty issues when it makes economic sense.
Unfortunately, low-carbon energy system research, development and demonstration (RD&D) is grossly underfunded. The Global Commission on the Economy and Climate stressed that, 鈥淭o help create the next wave of resource-efficient, low-carbon technologies, public research and development (R&D) investment in the energy sector should triple to well over US $100 billion a year by the mid-2020s.鈥� Global investments in low-carbon RD&D currently top out around $20-25 billion per year.
To address this global innovation gap and aspire to higher modern energy access goals, the SDGs should include under Goal 7 a new low-carbon RD&D target (as a percentage of GDP), which countries should invest annually.
There is an old saying that goes, 鈥淩each for the moon鈥nd if you fall short, you鈥檒l land among the stars.鈥� This is how we need to think about the SDGs, climate change, and modern energy access.
Megan Nicholson is a policy analyst with the , a Washington-based think tank that designs and advocates for policies that promote clean energy innovation. Kara Goolman is an intern at CCEI.听听
