Millet anyone? Facing soil crisis, US farmers look beyond corn and soybeans
| Kellogg, Minn.; and Sterling, N.D.
Shovel in hand, Duane Hager heads for his cornfield and digs up a shovelful of dirt, revealing wriggling earthworms. Although a pelting rain has soaked his gray T-shirt in seconds, not a single puddle lies in the field or in the cow pasture beyond 鈥� a sign of vigorous, uncompacted earth.
鈥淚f you have soil that is healthy and balanced, it translates into your animals,鈥� says the Kellogg, Minn., dairy farmer.
Across the American Midwest and Plains, small groups of farmers are looking at their most important resource 鈥� the soil 鈥� and contemplating big change. Their grandfathers and great grandfathers planted trees for windbreaks聽and planted along the contours of the slopes rather than up and down them聽to reduce soil erosion. Their fathers began leaving crop stubble in their fields to improve moisture retention, and some gave up tilling the soil altogether. Now, the new generation of producers is looking underground to try to replenish their soils, and they鈥檙e doing it by growing something in addition to corn and soybeans. The new farm bill, which聽President Trump signed on Dec. 20, includes measures that could help popularize the idea.
Why We Wrote This
Few Americans think much about where their food comes from, let alone the dirt it grows in. But in the US Midwest and Plains some farmers are looking to the soil to improve their crops and protect the environment.
鈥淢ainstream agriculture, they just don鈥檛 get it,鈥� says Jerry Doan, standing by a mix of 20-plus cover crops from low-lying legumes to tall stalks of millet on his farm in Sterling, N.D. 鈥淵ou have got to feed the biology of the soil.鈥�
It鈥檚 an international problem, with聽聽already degraded, the United Nations鈥� Food and Agriculture Organization estimates, due to everything from erosion and salinization to untreated urban waste and mining.聽聽Here in the United States, a big concern is commercial agriculture, where evidence is growing that decades of an exclusive corn-soybean rotation has caused farmland to聽lose nutrients and its ability to hold and filter water.
The effects reach far beyond the farm to waterways and the grocery store. Because farmland doesn鈥檛 hold the nitrites and nitrates produced from fertilizers and herbicides, they leach into the water and find their way as far as the Gulf of Mexico, creating state-sized areas of low or no oxygen, which kills fish and other marine life. What鈥檚 more, the commercial vegetables at the grocery store have fewer nutrients than in the 1950s, according to several studies, in part because the soil has fewer nutrients they can take up.
Farmers have tried to minimize the environmental damage by using GPS and soil analysis聽to fertilize only areas of fields that need it and by creating buffer strips between crops and ditches and waterways, so the nitrates and nitrites stay put.
But 鈥渨e are not going to fix water quality with just fertilizer [reduction],鈥� says Sarah Carlson, strategic initiatives director for Practical Farmers of Iowa, a nonprofit helping producers build resilient farms and communities. 鈥淲e need other products with more roots.鈥�
In the Midwest and Plains, that means finding something to grow in addition to corn and soybeans.
鈥淲e鈥檙e always going to grow corn and soybeans but we need other stuff,鈥� says University of Iowa water expert Chris Jones. 鈥淲e need a third crop in Iowa really badly.鈥�
Seeding 鈥榟otspots鈥�
Farmers are experimenting with growing cover crops on their fields, such as barley or oats, during the winter season. The Land Institute in Salina, Kan., is pushing perennials, such as Kernza, an intermediate wheatgrass it developed and trademarked. That way farmers wouldn鈥檛 have to plant new crops every spring. Still others are calling for a return to a mix of animal and crop agriculture that used to predominate in rural America.
鈥淢y grandfather started contouring, my dad started no-till, so I wanted to do this,鈥� says Darrell Steele, a farmer in Iowa's Washington County, who鈥檚 experimenting with 10 acres of barley, which he mixes into the feeds for his 2,000 hogs. 鈥淏ut when you put these things in, you take a hit. In the off-season, the ground is on the couch eating Ho Hos. But when you start putting this stuff in, it鈥檚 like telling the ground to run a marathon. It鈥檚 going to stumble and fall at first.鈥�
That鈥檚 a problem for many producers, whose thin margins make them reluctant to make big changes if their yields are going to fall, even temporarily. Another challenge: Making the switch can be costly. For example, continuous no-till and low-till farming, which decades of studies have shown improve the soil and reduce costs, is still used on only 1 in every 5 acres of US cropland, according to the聽. One big reason: It requires farmers to invest in completely new equipment.
Then there鈥檚 the cultural barrier: Farmer communities tend to be conservative.
鈥淭hat peer pressure, that is huge,鈥� says Kristin Brennan, state soil health specialist at the Minnesota office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). 鈥淣o one wants to be the weird farmer with lots of Kernza.鈥�
Still, there are exceptions.
鈥淲here we see it really taking off is where you have a community of farmers,鈥� says Ms. Brennan. 鈥淲e call them hotspots.鈥�
Washington County, which has the most acres of cover crops of any Iowa county, appears to be one of those communities. Farmers tour each others鈥� farms. Mr. Steele, the local hog producer, says he tried barley on the advice of a fellow farmer. At least once a week, he talks to Steve Berger, a Washington County farmer who has gained national attention for his use of no-till cover crops. 鈥淲e all do our own thing but it鈥檚 teamwork, too.鈥�
鈥淚n this neighborhood you just have a bunch of really conservation-minded folks,鈥� says Tony Maxwell, a district conservationist for the NRCS.
Provisions of the聽new farm bill, which encourages farmers to plant cover crops and use soil-sensitive crop rotations and grazing techniques, suggest that awareness of the problem is growing. 鈥淲e had a lot of strong champions this past year for legislation related to soil health,鈥� says Alyssa Charney, a senior policy specialist for the National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition, a Washington-based alliance of grass-roots sustainability groups. 鈥淭here's a growing interest for sure.鈥�
This story was made possible in part by a fellowship with the Institute for Journalism & Natural Resources.
