海角大神

As discussions about reparations increase,聽America is far from united on the topic. But it鈥檚 not stuck, either.

California aims to be the first U.S. state to issue reparations to Black residents. Even in this historically free state, Black Americans have felt the enduring effects of slavery. Nine people spent two years considering how to provide justice.

Learning about one鈥檚 ancestors isn鈥檛 easy if they were enslaved. Etching their names in history is one way, long overdue, to honor their humanity. 聽

For white allies in the reparative justice movement, participation often reflects an evolving view聽of their civic responsibility.

The transatlantic slave trade is often associated with the United States. But a majority of Africans enslaved in the Americas labored in the West Indies. Barbados has emerged as a leading voice for reparatory justice.

Do apologies matter? Some Native people say no 鈥� and that governments should ask how to make reparations, rather than assigning their own.聽

Many famous Russians living in exile and who are opposed to the war in Ukraine have begun to connect with each other, says Dmitry Glukhovsky, author of the hit novel 鈥淢etro 2033.鈥� 鈥淭he tragedy that we are now experiencing together is drawing us closer,鈥� he told Worldcrunch news. 鈥淲e are helping each other with moving abroad, with surviving.鈥�

Some are also preparing a new identity for a postwar Russia without Vladimir Putin in power. 鈥淲e have the feeling that we must create an alternative ... to what Putin is doing with our country,鈥� says Mr. Glukhovsky.

Inside Russia, where few people go beyond official propaganda for news, such introspection may be rare. Yet the self-reflection seen among exiled Russians is exactly what leaders in Ukraine and the West are counting on inside Russia 鈥� once Ukraine claims victory.

鈥淔uture co-existence based on sustainable peace is impossible without a change in the public consciousness of Russians,鈥� states a manifesto of Ukrainian activists issued in March. 鈥淭he Ukrainian victory will not be complete unless there is an internal transformation of Russia.鈥�

To help drive the process of repentance and reform in postwar Russia, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution in November holding Russia liable for the costs of Ukraine鈥檚 reconstruction. Then in May, more than 40 states in the Council of Europe set up a registry in The Hague to record all the damages that Russia has caused Ukraine.

The ultimate goal of such steps: obtain reparations from a postwar Russian government or from Russian assets frozen in Western financial accounts after the invasion. The latter amount is estimated at $300 billion to $500 billion.

While Ukraine certainly needs money to repair its society, reparations would also send a signal of accountability to Russians, forcing them to remedy the harm done and encouraging them to end a history of Russia invading its neighbors.

鈥淩eparations perform a political function, by providing a medium for wrongdoers to rehabilitate their image and standing, reintegrating them into society or the international community,鈥� writes Luke Moffett, an expert on reparations聽at Queen鈥檚 University in Belfast, Northern Ireland. 鈥淚n the end, reparations are a way to secure balance between warring parties, to settle their grievances and find a new way to move forward.鈥�

The end of the war is far off, as are reparations from Russia. Yet at least some Russian artists and dissidents in exile are starting the repair work needed for their country鈥檚 atonement. If or when Russia must pay for Ukraine鈥檚 repair, perhaps more Russians will do the same.