海角大神

"Trump: The Art of the Deal" was the story of Donald Trump throughout the 1980s and '90s. But the president has struggled to carry it into the Washington context.聽

While everyone has been focused on Russian hacking, a lesser-noticed digital battle has been under way in the Middle East.

A summer job in, say, a pizza joint doesn't strike a lot of high-schoolers as a path to a brighter future. But the lessons such work can teach are being rediscovered 鈥� even as the kids who need it the most struggle to find options.

As we noted above, teens often struggle to see a path forward. But if they can get more help, the outcomes might be different 鈥� a hypothesis Chicago is about to test.

Americans have an almost insatiable appetite for accounts of World War II, perhaps because the conflict seemed like such a clear battle between good and evil. Our film critic, Peter Rainier, has a mixed review on the latest epic take on an epic battle in 1940.聽

The closer that economists look at the rise in income inequality, the more they find one cause may be the rise of another inequality: The least productive firms are falling further behind the most productive firms. The Kmarts of the business world aren鈥檛 keeping up with the Googles. And one reason is a widening gap in innovation, creativity, and, more fundamentally, a curiosity to discover and embrace new ideas.

This point was made in a spanning 16 countries by the Paris-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. It found the 鈥減roductivity gap鈥� between firms in the top 10 percent by productivity and those in the bottom 10 percent rose by about 14 percent from 2001 to 2012.

鈥淭he corporate landscape has become increasingly unequal,鈥� the three authors of the study write in a Harvard Business Review article. 鈥淭his matters not just for economic growth but also for [pay] inequality.鈥�

Most companies try to increase the quality and quantity of their workers鈥� output, or what is called the productivity rate. As Janet Yellen, chair of the Federal Reserve, often tells Congress and others, productivity growth 鈥渋s what really determines in the long run the pace of [economic] growth.鈥�

But individual companies can fall behind competitors if they lag in their flexibility to change and their openness to new technologies or fresh ideas in workplace management. The traits of highly productive firms require that staff have boundless motivation to learn and adapt. In short, people must keep asking questions.

By their very desire to understand and cope with the world, humans ask questions. Computers, on the other hand, must be guided to do so and are given goals or limits. Companies certainly must tap artificial intelligence (AI) or machine-learning robots to raise productivity. Automation helps overcome human bias or limits. AI can perceive opportunities in 鈥渂ig data.鈥� But it cannot replace human inquisitiveness, or the impulse to ask 鈥渨hy.鈥�

Companies and workers looking to raise their productivity 鈥� by boosting curiosity 鈥� may be helped by a new book, 鈥淲hy?: What Makes Us Curious,鈥� by famed astrophysicist Mario Livio. He worked on the Hubble Space Telescope and the window it opened to the cosmos. This led him to become curious about curiosity, starting with humanity鈥檚 early spiritual quest for meaning.

His book explores the limited research on curiosity and dives into the lives of inventive people, such as Leonardo da Vinci. Dr. Livio found curiosity can be divided into two types: one that seeks to solve problems and the other that loves understanding just for the joy of it. In the first, curiosity is a cure for fear. The second opens even more questions and leads to new discoveries.

Sometimes the two combine. 鈥淟ove of knowledge does create a reward for its own sake, but you want to feel results,鈥� he writes. 鈥�

Curiosity is self-sustaining because it keeps unfolding ever-more truths. "Curiosity鈥檚 powers extend above and beyond its perceived potential contributions to usefulness or benefits. It has shown itself to be an unstoppable drive,鈥� the book states.

Yet not all curiosity is welcomed. Parents must guard what children learn. We speak of morbid curiosity, such as gawking at a car accident. Or 鈥渃uriosity killed the cat,鈥� as in getting too close to danger. Under a dictatorship, leaders try to suppress the flow of ideas or demand conformity. In such countries, creativity and productivity can falter.

The constant desire to ask 鈥渨hy鈥� is what distinguishes humans from animals and robots. Curiosity and the intelligence it brings is also essential for innovation in business. And now, because of the inquiring minds of academics, we know it can also be one of the many ways to help reduce economic inequality.聽