'Squeezed' paints a dark picture of an American middle class that can't keep up
Alissa Quart's new book Squeezed: Why Our Families Can't Afford Americasports a cover blurb by Barbara Ehrenreich, whose 2001 book "Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America" became a bestseller by reporting on the deepening financial crisis facing the American middle class. People born in the year Ehrenreich's book came out have grown up in the darkening world her book describes, and "Squeezed" can easily be seen as a follow-up, a front-lines report on that darkening world.
Quart opens with the story of her own pregnancy, which happened after she and her husband had for years been enjoying the modest professional freedoms of 鈥渄oing what they want鈥� and which came as a series of eye-opening financial shocks. She quickly realizes that they are in no position to absorb the sheer costs of having a child; before she and her husband find more secure and better-paying jobs, they had been members of what Quart terms 鈥渢he Middle Precariat,鈥� highly educated people whose labor has become irregular and contingent, often entailing a good deal of unpaid 鈥渟hadow work,鈥� and all only barely sufficient to keep up the facade of middle class respectability. 鈥淭hese people believed that their training or background would ensure that they would be properly, comfortably middle-class,鈥� she writes, 鈥渂ut it has not worked out that way.鈥�
In a series of in-depth and deeply personal interviews, Quart delves into the lives of some of these people 鈥� an adjunct professor who must use food stamps to feed herself and her daughter, despite working constantly, harried caregivers who work so much they barely see their own children, and half a dozen others caught in the endless cycle of 鈥渞unning just to stay in place.鈥�
Piece by piece, these interviews tell the story of the 鈥済loomy revolution鈥� that's taken place in the last 30 years between employers and employees. US workers are now expected to work inconsistent, often brutal hours (weekends, overnight, etc.) with far less security than their parents or grandparents had 鈥� fewer benefits, no pensions, and their dollar stretched thinner than ever to cover a steadily-rising cost of living. The people Quart meets are generally clear-eyed about their predicament, 鈥渄esperately holding onto their status and trying to keep up appearances鈥� but privately buried in debt and constantly, corrosively worried about how they'll survive another year or another month. They have marketable skills or college degrees, but every week their poverty forces them to chose between food and medicine for their children.
It all adds up to an almost smotheringly bleak picture of an America in which a two-income middle-class household can no longer afford to have children 鈥� in which the raising of a happy, healthy, well-educated next generation is solely the task of the very wealthy. Against this stark prognosis Quart can offer only faint counter-measures. She'd like much-expanded government subsidies for all aspects of parenthood and child-rearing, from guaranteed paid maternity leave to subsidized daycare and elementary schooling; she points to countries like Iceland where such measures have greatly eased the burdens of the middle class. And less materially, she advocates a greater cultural honesty about the current grim realities in a country where, as one of her subjects puts it, everybody just reflexively considers themselves a temporarily embarrassed millionaire. 鈥淚f our political and corporate cultures pit families against one another,鈥� she writes, 鈥渨e can at least start to resist that by being frank about our position and our feelings about our position.鈥�
It's slim comfort. The kinds of parenting safety nets she describes will never be enacted in a country with America's staggering income gap, and there are plenty of American taxpayers who'd resist such measures in any case. 鈥淵ou knew with perfect clarity in 2008 that you couldn't in any way afford to care for and raise a child in America's economy, and you went ahead regardless,鈥� those taxpayers would say. 鈥淣ow you have a toddler who's bankrupting you 鈥� why should I help to pay for your refusal to accept reality?鈥�
Those taxpayers 鈥� and doubtless some of Quart's readers 鈥� will be annoyed by what she refers to as the unofficial mantra of her book: 鈥渋t's not your fault.鈥� There's plenty of fault to go around in 'Squeezed," from young professionals barely able to pay their monthly bills intentionally deciding to have children without any plan or even prospect of how to afford those astronomical added costs to a wider society that had allowed itself to drift into heartless plutocracy where the top 1 percent has more money than the bottom 50.
But regardless of where readerly sympathy falls, it's easy to agree with the stunned, exasperated sentiment of everybody in this book: It wasn't supposed to be this way.
