海角大神

Buffalo Bill Cody鈥檚 Wild West toured the world for three decades beginning in 1883, but as Deanne Stillman notes in her intriguing new book, Blood聽Brothers: The Story of the Strange Friendship between Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill, the traveling show was most successful during the four-month period in 1885 that Sitting Bull appeared with the troupe. The Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux chief, mistakenly believed by many Americans to have killed George Armstrong Custer at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876, was 鈥渢he one Indian whose fame was as great as Buffalo Bill鈥檚,鈥� Stillman observes. 鈥淔oes in 鈥�76, Friends in 鈥�85鈥� read the caption of the publicity photo of Cody and Sitting Bull that announced the curious collaboration.

Cody鈥檚 Wild West was a frontier extravaganza that mythologized America鈥檚 recent bloody history, casting white men as the heroes and Indians as the villains. Stillman calls the show, whose climax was a dramatization of Custer鈥檚 Last Stand, 鈥渁n epic spectacle of a vanishing America.鈥� Its creator was many things at once, including buffalo hunter, cowboy, army scout, showman, entrepreneur, and all-around charmer, and "Blood聽Brothers" brings Buffalo Bill wonderfully to life. His personality, Stillman writes, was 鈥渕uch like the frontier that shaped him 鈥� big, exciting, dangerous, with a heart that was elusive and wild.鈥�

In addition, Cody knew how to package himself for the masses. He was so conscious of his entertainment value that, according to Stillman, he once dressed for battle in a 鈥渂lack velvet vaquero outfit, bedecked with lace, silver buttons, and scarlet ribbon,鈥� so that he could don the costume during future performances and truthfully say that he had worn it when he fought the Indians.

While Sitting Bull is more difficult to decipher 鈥� he didn鈥檛, after all, have a publicist in his employ 鈥� he too was adept at using celebrity to his advantage. He was the Wild West鈥檚 highest-paid performer, despite the fact that his role in the show consisted solely of circling the stage gravely on his horse, often as the audience heckled him. He made sure that his contract stipulated that only he could profit from the sale of his photograph and autograph. Still, he gave most of the money away, to friends, relatives, and strangers.聽

Why, then, did Sitting Bull agree to join the Wild West at all? At that point, after five years of exile in Canada, he was confined to the Standing Rock reservation in South Dakota for his role in Little Bighorn. He saw traveling the country with Buffalo Bill as his best opportunity to meet the American president, a desire he had long harbored, and to otherwise press the case for Indian rights. (Stillman says it鈥檚 possible that he met Grover Cleveland during the tour, but the record is unclear.)

Stillman鈥檚 writing can be beautiful and evocative, but there are some head-scratchers, too. 鈥淣ow Wovoka had his good points and his bad, and he was a product of his time, as we all are, and he was a product of all time, as we all are too,鈥� she writes, bewilderingly, of the Paiute Indian whose visions inspired the Ghost Dance movement that would play a role in Sitting Bull鈥檚 1890 death. She is also prone to dizzyingly long sentences, some of which clock in at 100 words. Finally, with most of the conversations between the protagonists lost to time, along with their thoughts, Stillman too often compensates with speculation, couching her points with "perhaps," "maybe," "may have said," "may have replied," and the like.

Indeed, much is unknowable. Some of Stillman鈥檚 best sources of information are the newspaper interviews the two men gave while touring together. 鈥淚 never shot an Indian but I regretted it afterwards,鈥� Cody told a journalist in Toronto before going on to state that the Indian wars involving Sitting Bull were the fault of white men. 鈥淚n nine cases out of ten, when there is trouble between white men and Indians it will be found that the white man is responsible for the dispute through breaking faith with them.鈥�

While the book鈥檚 subtitle promises 鈥渢he story of the strange friendship,鈥� we end up understanding less about the friendship 鈥� its meaning to the two men 鈥� than about its strangeness, tinged with tragedy.聽