海角大神

Krithi Karanth spends most of her time trudging through the dense forests and grasslands of India.

The young, petite Dr. Karanth has become a torchbearer for wildlife conservation in India, having worked on more than 25 projects while visiting remote villages and wildlife parks.

Karanth, an adjunct assistant professor at Duke University, associate conservation scientist at the Wildlife Conservation Society (USA), and executive director at the Centre for Wildlife Studies in Bangalore, India, says she owes her passion to her extraordinary childhood.

Thanks to her father, Dr. K. Ullas Karanth, one of the pioneering conservation biologists of India, Krithi grew up around wildlife.

鈥淔rom the tender age of 1, I grew up watching wild animals at close range, watching my father collaring and tracking tigers and leopards,鈥� she recalls.

But Karanth also saw firsthand the difficult side of conservation 鈥� nasty threats, poaching, and forest fires. For a long time, she thought she wanted to 鈥渂e anything other than a conservation biologist.鈥�

But during her master鈥檚 program, she found herself designing a field project in the Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. A car accident on her second day of fieldwork resulted in a leg injury that required forced rest. But she was determined to complete the project.

鈥淎 month later I hobbled back resolutely in pouring rain and rugged terrain to collect data,鈥� she recalls. 鈥淭hough physically painful and mentally challenging, the three months I spent in this park reignited my childhood passion for wild nature, and I made a decision to become a conservation biologist.鈥�

She began by building a database of historical observations from British naturalists and the wildlife shooting records of maharajahs. Talking to wildlife experts across India, she re-created where people had seen wild animals from 1850 to the early 1900s 鈥� a massive database of 30,000 locations and more than 100 species. Her study helped document huge declines in the distribution of wildlife across India over the past 150 years.

The study also highlighted the importance of protected parks, the last places where certain wildlife such as tigers and wild dogs remain. But she also found that other wildlife, such as elephants and leopards, still roam outside these parks.

She then went on to look at wildlife tourism and its effect on both the wildlife and local communities. During this time, she became interested in the problems resulting from human-wildlife conflict and interactions. She was surprised by the dearth of data on the subject.

That鈥檚 when she hit upon the idea of trying to map and model conflict zones across India. She started in a small way with a single project outside Kanha National Park, in central India.

鈥淭he purpose was to examine if there is conflict,鈥� she says, and, if so, ask questions such as 鈥淲hat species are responsible? Are people trying to protect their crops, livestock, property? Do people apply and receive compensation for their losses?鈥�

鈥淭his is pioneering work, and it has more significance today than 10 years ago, just because the sheer scale of conflict has increased exponentially,鈥� says Dr. Ashwini Chhatre, associate professor of geography at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and senior editor of the journal Conservation Letters, who is currently in India on a sabbatical.

Since 2009, with the help of hundreds of volunteers, Karanth has surveyed 15,000 households in villages surrounding protected parks in the states of Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra, analyzing patterns of conflict and determining the factors that affect human-wildlife conflict.

鈥淎 lot of scientists make it appear as if research is something elite,鈥� she says. 鈥淏ut when you make it accessible to people and involve them鈥� it becomes easier to see why your work matters, 鈥渞ather than just doing science and publishing in fancy journals.鈥�

鈥淢ost volunteers when they join have only heard about wildlife conflicts from the [news] media,鈥� says Parvati Prasad, one of the volunteers. 鈥淏ut only when dealing with people living around protected areas [do] we understand [the] hardships that they face.鈥�

Karanth鈥檚 research revealed that the villagers often suffered crop losses because of local wildlife. In some instances, they also faced livestock and property loss and, very rarely, human injury or death.

In states that have a compensation program, villagers must report these losses in order to receive payment from the state government. But Karanth found that a lot of people don鈥檛 report conflict.

In Karnataka, one of the few states that offers compensation, villagers told her that they were overwhelmed and frustrated with the slow process.

鈥淭here is a lot of paperwork involved; people get very frustrated as they need documents with pictures, and the effort they spend in going up and down to these offices filing the paperwork costs more than what they end up getting back,鈥� Karanth says.

Taking note that cellphones are everywhere in India today 鈥� even urban laborers and small farmers often own one 鈥� Karanth and two colleagues, Nikhil Velpanur and Arvind Nadig, along with the staff of Wildlife Conservation Society-India, set up a toll-free number that the villagers could call to report a conflict. They hear a voice recording in their local language telling them to leave a message about the damage. The telephone number they call from is recorded, so people who are too shy to leave a message can still be contacted.

The Wildlife Conservation Society then calls them back, identifies the problem, goes to the site, helps them evaluate what has happened, and helps them file the paperwork.

Karanth is field-testing the program in 20 to 30 villages around the protected parks of Karnataka State, and the villagers have been calling in. She believes that if the program can work there successfully, it can be easily modified to work anywhere in India by using a different toll-free number and the local language.

鈥淭he idea is not to replace the government,鈥� Karanth says. 鈥淲e鈥檙e just trying to help people not get frustrated and retaliate [against the wildlife]. Helping them file the papers for the process will go a long way in building goodwill.鈥�

鈥淒r. Karanth鈥檚 work reflects her enthusiasm and passion for not only the endangered fauna, but also for the rural and often poor people with whom that fauna interacts,鈥� notes Dr. Norman Christensen, a research professor of biology and a colleague of Karanth at Duke University. 鈥淪he is motivated by the belief that a sustainable future depends on the health of both the ecosystems and the people. This model of conservation is clearly important for India, but it is relevant to so many other parts of our planet.鈥�

Conservation work has had some successes in India: Karanth says some parks have been so effective that there is a surplus of some wildlife species. The challenge remains to find creative solutions that maintain the integrity of protected parks as well as manage wildlife that are outside the parks, living on land shared by people.

Karanth鈥檚 hope is that one day humans and wildlife will not just coexist but flourish together in India, despite it being one of the most densely inhabited (by both wildlife and humans) places on the planet. 鈥淭here is a cultural tolerance towards wildlife [in India] that sets India apart from the rest of the world, which [so far] has ensured the survival of wildlife here,鈥� she says.

How to take action

Universal Giving helps people give to and volunteer for top-performing charitable organizations around the world. All the projects are vetted by Universal Giving; 100 percent of each donation goes directly to the listed cause. Below are groups selected by Universal Giving that help wildlife and the people of India:

鈥� Pandas International helps ensure the preservation and propagation of the endangered giant panda. Take action: Volunteer to work with pandas in China.

鈥� Soi Dog Foundation improves the welfare of dogs and cats in Thailand, resulting in better lives for both animal and human communities. Take action: Fund emergency medical treatment for a stray cat or dog.

鈥� Greenheart Travel provides cultural immersion programs that change lives, advance careers, and create leaders. Take action: Volunteer for an education project in India.