How did China's Mo Yan win the Nobel Prize for literature?
While many including China's Communist Party celebrated their countryman's receipt of the Nobel Prize for literature, others criticized the winner, Mo Yan, for failing to be innovative or independent.
While many including China's Communist Party celebrated their countryman's receipt of the Nobel Prize for literature, others criticized the winner, Mo Yan, for failing to be innovative or independent.
Chinese writer Mo Yan听won the 2012 Nobel prize for literature on Thursday for works which combine "hallucinatory realism" with folk tales, history and contemporary life in听China.
Mo, who was once so destitute he ate tree bark and weeds to survive, is the first Chinese national to win the $1.2 million literature prize, awarded by the听Swedish Academy.
He said the award made him "overjoyed and terrified".
Some of his books have been banned as "provocative and vulgar" by Chinese authorities but he has also been criticised as being too close to the听Communist Party.
While users of a popular Chinese microblogging site offered their congratulations, dissident artist听Ai Weiwei听said he disagreed with giving the award to a writer with the "taint of government" about him.
Mo, 57, who grew up in the town of听Gaomi听in Shandong province in the northeast of the country and whose parents were farmers, sets his works mainly in the land of his birth.
Mo Yan is a pen name which means "Don't Speak". His real name is Guan Moye and he was forced to drop out of primary school and herd cattle during听China's Cultural Revolution.
Speaking to the听state-run China News Service, Mo听said he was happy to have won.
"But I do not think that my winning can be seen as representing anything. I think that听China听has many outstanding authors, and their great works should also be recognised by the world.
"Next, I'm going to put most of my efforts into creating my new works. I will keep working hard, and I thank everyone. As to whether I go to听Sweden听to receive the prize, I will wait for word from the organisers about arrangements."听
'At home with his dad'听
Peter Englund, head of the听Swedish Academy, said Mo听was "at home with his dad" when he was told of the award.
"He said he was overjoyed and terrified," Englund told Swedish television. "He has such a damn unique way of writing. If you read half a page of Mo Yan听you immediately recognise it as him."
The award citation said Mo听used a mixture of fantasy and reality, historical and social perspectives to create a world which was reminiscent of the writings of听William Faulkner听and Gabriel Garcia Marquez.
At the same time, he found a "departure point in old Chinese literature and in oral tradition", the Academy said.
Englund said Mo听offers "a unique insight into a unique world in a quite unique manner."
His style is "a fountain of words and stories and stories within stories, then stories within the stories within the stories and so on. He's mesmerising," Englund told Reuters television.
Mo is best known in the West for "Red Sorghum", which portrayed the hardships endured by farmers in the early years of communist rule and was made in a film directed by Zhang Yimou. His books also include "Big Breasts and Wide Hips" and "The Republic of Wine".
"My works are Chinese literature, which is part of world literature. They show the life of Chinese people as well as the country's unique culture and folk customs," Mo听told reporters in his hometown, Xinhua news agency reported.
The last Chinese-born winner was Gao Xingjian in 2000, although he was living in听France听by that time and had taken French citizenship. His Nobel was not celebrated by the Chinese government.
China has 'waited too long'听
Communist Party听mouthpiece听the People's Daily听praised the win in a commentary on its website (www.people.com.cn).
"This is the first Chinese writer who has won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Chinese writers have waited too long, the Chinese people have waited too long," it wrote.
Mo, a vice chairman of the government-backed Chinese Writers' Association, said he had nothing to say about Liu Xiaobo, the jailed dissident who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010 and whose name has been banned from public discussion in听China.
"His winning won't be of any help for Liu Xiaobo, unless Mo Yan听expresses his concern for him," said听Ai Weiwei.
"But Mo Yan听has stated in the past that he has nothing to say about Liu Xiaobo. I think the Nobel organisers have removed themselves from reality by awarding this prize. I really don't understand it."
Beijing-based writer Mo听Zhixu听said Mo Yan, who once copied out by hand a speech by Chairman听Mao Zedong听for a commemorative book, "doesn't have any independent personality."
Yu Shicun, a听Beijing-based essayist and literary critic, said Mo Yan听was a puzzling choice for the prize.
"I don't think this makes sense," said Yu in a telephone interview. "His works are from the 1980s, when he was influenced by Latin American literature. I don't think he's created his own things. We don't see him as an innovator in Chinese literature."
On the streets of听Beijing, there was pride in Mo's achievement.
"I think this is an unprecedented breakthrough, because before this they spoke of Chinese nationals getting the Nobel prize, but it was only the peace prize, never the others such as the literature, the physics and chemistry prizes," said Xu Jiebiao, 28-year-old IT consultant.
"So a Chinese getting the Nobel prize for literature will increase the national pride."
The literature prize is the fourth of this year's crop of prizes, which were established in the will of Swedish dynamite inventor听Alfred Nobel听and awarded for the first time in 1901.
The writer, who was in the People's听Liberation Army听before progressing to academia, was one of the favourites to win the award this year, according to British bookmaker听Ladbrokes, along with Japanese author听Haruki Murakami.
(Additional reporting by Johan Ahlander, Simon Johnson, Anna Ringstrom, Niklas Pollard, Sui-Lee Wee, Ben Blanchard and Lucy Hornby; Writing by Giles Elgood; Editing by Peter Millership)