海角大神

Between two worlds

The shooting at a Sikh Temple in the Wisconsin town of Oak Creek last Sunday revealed an ugly side to America鈥檚 pluralistic society. In a country of immigrants, there are still people who hate or fear those they see as 鈥渙utsiders,鈥� and when those people have access to semi-automatic weapons, they can put their fear and hatred into action.

The shooter, a former US Army soldier named Wade Michael Page, was a white supremacist, and before he was gunned down by a police officer, Page managed to kill six of the temple鈥檚 worshipers and to wound another police officer.

The incident is being treated as a domestic terror incident, with Page鈥檚 embrace of the 鈥渞acial holy war鈥� rhetoric of the far right making this more than just another case of American mass murder. But the shock of the event also hit many Americans at another level. Here, the terrorist was white, and a former US soldier. His victims were Asian. The terrorist鈥檚 ideology, white supremacy, was every bit as hateful and destructive as the religious holy war (jihad) of the men who hijacked the planes on Sept. 11.

Sept. 11, of course, is the day that changed America forever. Many Americans began to view the outside world (and particularly the Islamic world) as a threat. But what about those Americans who were themselves Asian or Muslim? Jaswinder Bolina addresses this question beautifully in an essay, 鈥淓mpathy with the devil,鈥� in The State, a print journal based in Dubai. As an American of Asian descent, Mr. Bolina finds himself torn between two worlds, and while he shares no actual sympathy for the goals of radical extremists, he understands implicitly what those goals are and where the motivations come from.

Recalling a conversation with an immigrant, shortly after 9/11, Bolina writes, 鈥淗e knows that he and I better resemble photographs of the hijackers than photographs of the firefighters. And when he says, 鈥榯hey treated us like dogs,鈥櫬�us聽means the Indian conflated with the Pakistani, the Pakistani mistaken for the Afghan, the Afghan called an Arab, the Arab indistinguishable from the Persian and the Turk, the Shia and the Sunni and the Sikh all taken for one bearded and turbaned body.鈥�

The American dream

Shervin Malekzadeh, an Iranian-American immigrant and visiting assistant professor at Swarthmore College, makes a different point about an immigrant鈥檚 life in America. In an article in the Atlantic, marking the recent death of actor Sherman Helmsley, Mr. Malekzadeh, television was the tool for learning about America, and the 1970s comedy hit, 鈥淭he Jeffersons鈥� was the show that came closest to identifying the challenges of being an immigrant.

The role of religion

If the 9/11 attacks and the Sikh Temple shootings have taught us, it is that we don鈥檛 generally understand each other鈥檚 religious outlooks and world views very well. On television talk shows, one hears the notion that America is a nation founded on Judeo-海角大神 values, which presumably means those are the only values worth knowing about, and outsiders should be the ones doing the studying and accommodating.

But Scott Atran, an anthropologist at the University of Michigan and author of聽Talking to the Enemy聽and聽In Gods We Trust, writes in this week鈥檚 Foreign Policy magazine that knowledge of another person鈥檚 faith can have a profound effect on how different societies interact. In short, studying another person鈥檚 faith doesn鈥檛 mean that one must adopt it, or abandon one鈥檚 own beliefs, but it can improve 鈥渢he human condition, including a lessening of cultural conflict and war.鈥�

Iran, explained

Iran seems to be the big bogeyman these days, with its theocracy, questions about its nuclear program, its threats to cut off the Persian Gulf, its support for the embattled Syrian regime, and its continued support for radical militant groups like Lebanon鈥檚 Hezbollah.

But the West鈥檚 conflict with Iran has been brewing for decades, dating back to the early days of World War I, when British colonial officers arrived in the Persian oilfields to secure fuel for their military fleet. From that day onward, Britain, the United States, and Iran鈥檚 ruling elites were locked in a love-hate relationship that leaned heavily on hate.

In a review of Christopher de Bellaigue's biography of former Iranian prime minister Muhammad Mossadegh 鈥� a man toppled by America鈥檚 CIA in 1953 鈥� Roger Cohen writes in the New York Review of Books that the West not only put Iran into a democratic death-spiral that led to the rise of theocratic rule. It also set a precedent that it clings to today, by overthrowing 鈥渢roublemakers鈥� and tolerating tyrants who keep the flow of oil to the West. And it is this tendency in US foreign policy that accounts for much of the hostility that fuels leaders like Iran鈥檚 current President Mahmoud Ahmedinejad, and others.