海角大神

Tucked away in an unassuming apricot building, the Kurdish library in Stockholm is a place where Kurds can celebrate their culture, literature, and language. More importantly, it represents what many Kurds long and fight for but have historically been denied.

鈥淚n Sweden, I found a democratic system,鈥� says Hedi Gomei, an aging volunteer at the library who was born in Iraq and today considers himself a Kurdish Swede. He came to Sweden in the 1970s after many years fighting with the Kurdish peshmerga and being arrested three times for his political activism. 鈥淭hey welcomed us. For me, coming to this library is like going to a garden with the flowers in full bloom.鈥�

That sense of tranquility and freedom from political repression or jail time 鈥� threats all too common in the history of Kurdish minorities in Syria, Turkey, Iran, and Iraq 鈥� means most Kurds here consider Sweden home, even while dreaming of a state for the Kurdish people.

It is also why many now fret about Sweden鈥檚 deal-cutting with Turkey to enter the NATO military alliance. Sweden鈥檚 application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter.

The 100,000 Kurds in Sweden, making听up about 1%听of the Swedish population, are well integrated politically and culturally. Now they are caught in a geopolitical tug of war that is challenging their faith in Swedish democracy.

鈥淜urds are quite worried and uncomfortable since Sweden announced all of a sudden last spring that they were going to submit an application to join NATO,鈥� says听Gothenburg-based听Arin Savran,听author of the book 鈥淭urkey and the Kurdish Peace Process.鈥� 鈥淜urds, particularly Kurds originating from Turkey, associate NATO with Turkey. NATO has been supplying weapons throughout the years and those weapons have been used against Kurds. There鈥檚 a history there.鈥�

A game of foxes

Kurdish refugees have long been a point of friction in Kurdish-Swedish relations. Ankara considers Sweden a safe haven for members of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), which has been branded a terrorist group in Turkey and Europe, as well as other Kurdish groups it considers to be extensions of the PKK.

Turkey is troubled by Sweden鈥檚 support for the People鈥檚 Protection Units (YPG), which fought against ISIS alongside the U.S.-backed Syrian Democratic Forces. The YPG鈥檚听political wing, the Kurdish Democratic Union Party (PYD), has an office in Stockholm.

鈥淭he PYD is a de facto recognized group鈥� in Sweden,鈥� explains Khalid Khayati, an associate professor focused on the Kurdish diaspora at Link枚ping University. 鈥淭he Kurds in Syria have sacrificed more than 13,000 people in the fight to ISIS. It would be unfair and inhuman to consider that group as a terror organization.鈥�

In June 2022, during the Madrid NATO summit, Sweden and Finland 鈥� which submitted joint applications to join the military alliance 鈥� tried to allay Turkey鈥檚 concerns. They committed to step up their efforts to prevent PKK activities and to deny support to the PYD/YPG. Both Nordic nations have moved to tighten anti-terrorism legislation.

In January, Sweden leveled money laundering charges against the PYD鈥檚 representative in Stockholm. The same month, Turkish President Recep Tayyip听Erdo臒an demanded the extradition of 130 鈥渢errorists鈥� in exchange for his country鈥檚 green light for Sweden and Finland to join NATO.听

鈥淭hey expected to be safe here,鈥� says Mr. Gomei, the library volunteer, of Kurds who have sought asylum in Sweden. If the authorities send Kurds to Turkey 鈥渢his will go against their own Swedish values, of protecting everyone. [But] politics is a game of foxes,鈥� he adds. 鈥淪weden is acting in its interest. Even countries that are democracies put their interest ahead of democracy.鈥�

Swedish officials have clearly stated that they will not meet Turkey鈥檚 demands that they extradite all those whom Ankara has asked for. The controversial list reportedly includes Swedish citizens, who by law cannot be extradited to Turkey, and Kurds with permanent residence in Sweden, as well as asylum-seekers.

It is the fate of the latter that worries Miran Kakaee, a Swedish lawyer of Kurdish descent.

鈥淢ost of the allegations against them regard crimes that are not even crimes under Swedish law,鈥� says Mr. Kakaee, who is representing a person on Mr. Erdo臒an鈥檚 wish list. To his knowledge, no one on the list has been extradited to Turkey since Turkey, Finland, and Sweden signed a memorandum听on counterterrorism cooperation听last June in Madrid. But last year鈥檚 deportation of Mahmoud Tat 鈥� who had been convicted as a PKK militant in Turkey and whose asylum request was turned down before Sweden鈥檚 NATO bid 鈥� was painted as victory in Turkey.

Closer police controls

Mr. Kakaee says Kurdish asylum applications have encountered greater scrutiny by the Swedish security and counterintelligence service, S脛PO, since 2019, perhaps because of a 2017 terror attack in Stockholm carried out by a failed asylum-seeker linked to ISIS.听

Kurdish activists in Sweden say they have been under greater scrutiny听since last summer.听鈥淚t is dirty politics ... to do an agreement with one dictator [Mr. Erdo臒an] to protect the Swedish people from another dictator [Russian President Vladimir Putin],鈥� says Abdullah Deveci, a member of the Kurdish Democratic Society Center and a Gothenburg-based Kurdish lawyer with roots in Turkey. 鈥淢e, as a lawyer, journalists, activists听鈥� even we have problems now with the Swedish police. They call us and pay us visits, just to control. We never had this situation before.鈥�

Soner Cagaptay, director of the Turkish Research Program at the Washington Institute, says Ankara has legitimate concerns regarding Kurdish activities in Sweden. He attributes them to 鈥渓ax attitudes Swedish law enforcement agencies have shown towards the PKK and other Kurdish networks,鈥� as well as the country鈥檚 ties 鈥� informal as they may be 鈥� to the YPG in Syria. Ankara is watching closely how Sweden鈥檚 tightening of anti-terrorism legislation plays out.

鈥淭urkey was hoping to use Sweden鈥檚 accession to NATO to set a precedent ... that it is not OK for the alliance members to have formal contacts and informal support for the YPG,鈥� says Mr. Cagaptay. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 why Ankara is playing hardball with Sweden,鈥� he explains. But now, due to the recent devastating 7.8 earthquake in Turkey, 鈥渢here is almost zero chance that the Turkish parliament will do anything on Sweden before the elections in Turkey.鈥�

NATO has come to Turkey鈥檚 aid but also kept up pressure on Turkey to rapidly allow Sweden and Finland into the alliance, irrespective of whether it considers their bids separately or together. 鈥淭he time is now to ratify both Finland and Sweden,鈥� said Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg speaking in Istanbul on Feb. 16.

Back at the Kurdish library in Stockholm, author Bubu Eser lets his mind drift as he looks out of a window. Moments earlier, he had shared one of his worst memories of Turkey 鈥� being thrown out of a four-story window during police questioning. He suffered many kinds of torture during the 72 days he spent in pre-trial detention and the more than two years he spent behind bars, he says. He turns page after illustrated page of his book, 鈥淕uardian,鈥� to convey his ordeals.

Sweden, to him, is synonymous with safety. He feels confident Sweden will not just hand over Kurds who might risk听ill-treatment to听Turkey for political gain. Decisions to send people back to Turkey are a matter for the courts, he stresses 鈥� a point that Swedish politicians have also made. He says he supports the country that gave him shelter, no matter what path it takes when it comes to joining NATO.

鈥淪weden has every right to do what the country needs,鈥� says Mr. Eser. 鈥淭urkey is a dictatorship and it shows in the way听Erdo臒an threatens Sweden. But I don鈥檛 feel threatened by this dictatorship. I trust the Swedish government, and I trust that Sweden will do right by the Kurds.鈥�