海角大神

When Josephine Julien arrived in Britain by boat from the Caribbean island of Grenada in 1956, she remembers encountering hostility from locals toward Black people. She saw written notices in the windows with slogans such as, 鈥淣o Blacks, no Irish, no dogs.鈥�

But Mrs. Julien was able to find a home in the Notting Hill neighborhood in West London, one of the few areas of the city where Black people could find apartments to rent.

So too, she says, were four young men who had formed a steel band on the same boat from Grenada. And in the 1960s, they went on to help start what was to become Britain鈥檚 largest annual Black cultural event, the Notting Hill Carnival.

Now, 54 years later, it is the second-largest carnival in the world, attracting over a million people each year. For Black Britons, even to those who aren鈥檛 of Caribbean heritage, the carnival showcases Black excellence. This is evident through the productions that take months of preparation and commitment. It also celebrates and empowers Black beauty, in any shape or form. And it鈥檚 deeply rooted in community, which is manifested by the many different generations that attend, organize, participate, and celebrate the carnival.

This year, like so many community events around the globe, the Notting Hill Carnival was canceled due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Organizers instead held a 鈥渄igital carnival鈥澛爐his past weekend. It was the first time Mrs. Julien, now 82, couldn鈥檛 attend the Notting Hill Carnival.

But the event remains a fixture for her children, grandchildren, and most of the close to 600,000 people of Caribbean heritage in Britain. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not only a celebration of our culture,鈥� she says, 鈥渋t鈥檚 our cultural heritage.鈥�

Costumes and rhythms

There are varying personal accounts and narratives on the origins of the Carnival. It is generally believed there were several Trinidadian bands and masqueraders who paraded the streets of Notting Hill in those years. There was also an indoor Caribbean Carnival organized by human rights activist Claudia Jones in 1959, in response to rising racial tensions in London. Major incidents included rioting by white young men in Notting Hill in August 1958, and the murder of Antiguan expat Kelso Cochrane by three white men a year later.

This led to several initiatives being organized within the British Caribbean community that eventually all merged into what is now known as the Notting Hill Carnival. It is a celebration that is important to Mrs. Julien: 鈥淲e have suffered a lot. This is the one time of the year we get to be openly proud of our culture and customs.鈥�

In recent years, over 25,000 people dress extravagantly, from colorful bikinis with feathers to 鈥渕as鈥� (costume) gowns, while performing in steel bands and dance groups on the elaborately decorated floats that form the official parade. The diverse and hyped crowds dance along with the soca beats blasting from the floats along the 3.5-mile route. The parade itself is surrounded by sound systems at different locations. The never-ending variety of Caribbean food stalls adds a flavorful barbecue smell to the festival.聽The cancellation means the city of London missed out on about $130 million that the weekend would have added to its economy.

But the cancellation of the parade due to COVID-19 doesn鈥檛 mean it will pass by unnoticed. Debi Gardner, who is of mixed Guyanese heritage and is a director of the carnival, says bands recorded their performances without an audience during the past month, which were broadcast during the online event.

Mrs. Gardner, who has a full-time job as a housing association manager, gives her entire life to the carnival and the community that goes with it. She plays with the famous Mangrove Steel Band, named after the West London restaurant known for its fight against racial injustice in the 1970s. She鈥檚 been a steel band player since the early 1990s and is also a part of their management team.

The band practices twice a week throughout the year and, pre-pandemic, used to travel all over to perform. 鈥淲e also do a lot of activities throughout the year for young people, and within the creative arts,鈥� Mrs. Gardner explains. 鈥淪o not being able to do that has been disappointing.鈥�

鈥淚t鈥檚 a moment to remind us why we鈥檙e here鈥�

The pandemic may have put a temporary stop to the carnival, but it is not the only challenge that the event has been facing.聽Since its launch, media narratives around the carnival weekend have focused on crime and arrests.聽Organizers, participants, and attendees feel it is an unfair聽portrayal.聽Data shows incidents are comparable to festivals attended by a more white audience, such as the famous Glastonbury Festival. And Notting Hill is shifting toward a largely white and affluent demographic, one that is less keen about having the parade at their front doors.

Halina Edwards, who was born in Jamaica and raised in the Midlands of England, hopes that education can help remedy that. 鈥淚n my school, we only had one lesson on Black history,鈥� she says, 鈥渁nd they put on the movie Roots. I don鈥檛 think they realized how insensitive that was.鈥�

This year, Ms. Edwards joined the social enterprise The Black Curriculum as a researcher, and聽hopes to contribute to changing the way Black people are represented and spoken about. The project focuses on delivering Black history programs for young people, and has created a magazine focusing on the Notting Hill Carnival.

When she moved to London in 2014, the carnival felt like a warm bath full of community love. 鈥淚t felt like a nice and safe place. But it鈥檚 also a moment to remind us why we鈥檙e here and the long history we have,鈥� she says. 鈥淚f people had a better understanding of the context and the history of why it started there, they might understand there is a reason why we go onto the streets and celebrate this.鈥�

It鈥檚 still too early to say if there will be a lasting impact on the carnival now that it鈥檚 not happening for the first time in its history. But change is inevitable, according to Mrs. Gardner, who has seen the carnival become a more diverse and inclusive event in the 25 years she鈥檚 actively been involved.

One thing is certain: The community cannot wait for 2021. Mrs. Julien walked around Notting Hill this past weekend to pay tribute to the long history of the carnival. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not only us losing out when it鈥檚 not happening. The carnival has always been a bridge between different communities.鈥�

Editor鈥檚 note: As a public service,聽all our pandemic coverage聽is free. No paywall.