海角大神

It used to be that when a migrant here was the victim in a car accident 鈥� a fender bender or such 鈥� the local police would still end up blaming them for the collision.

But now when the staff at the Ex Canapificio social center in Caserta is called to deal with this sort of situation, the activists know it鈥檚 usually a sign migrants are implementing the lessons they鈥檝e been taught to protect themselves. In this scenario: Record the scene with their phones.

鈥淚鈥檝e been teaching them to stand for their rights and told them to keep evidence when they interact with the authorities. The police think migrants are stupid. But when they鈥檙e looking after themselves, they don鈥檛 seem so stupid 鈥� that makes officers nervous,鈥� says Malik Donkor, a Ghanaian migrant working at the center, with a triumphant grin.

For more than a decade, the Refugees and Asylum Seekers Movement in Caserta (MMRC) has been helping migrants stand up to exploitative employers and appeal effectively for documents that allow them to find legal jobs and houses. Located in southern Italy, the experimental effort is run by Italian activists and migrant workers to build migrants'聽awareness of their rights and their power to help each other fight for fair treatment.

Mr. Donkor has been both recipient and provider of aid. After leaving Ghana in 2008, he worked in agriculture around Italy for little money, finding himself in vulnerable situations involving drinking and fighting. He ended up in a deportation camp. Having heard about a group that helped migrants near Naples, Donkor managed to escape and sought help with the MMRC.

After obtaining his residence permit with the help of the group, Donkor started volunteering in the social center and eventually landed a staff job as a cultural mediator for the MMRC鈥檚 SPRAR project, a government-funded initiative to help asylum seekers settle in Italy.

Now Donkor is part of a structure of more than 6,000 migrants 鈥� between staffers and volunteers 鈥� fighting against labor exploitation and human rights violations in Italy, where sympathy for migrants is wearing thin. While the number of migrants arriving has dropped significantly in recent months, Italians struggle to accommodate the hundreds of thousands of migrants who have entered in the past 20 years. And the far right has taken advantage of increasing frustration around migration. With the general election coming up in March, anti-migrant rhetoric has soared.

Migrants and Italians working together

Caserta, which lies in the mountainous Campania region about 100 miles southeast of Rome, is home to about 900,000 people, including one of the biggest African communities in Italy. An estimated 5,000 to 6,000 undocumented migrants live there.

Some 300 Italians work and volunteer with the MMRC, which has been growing since the first protests were staged in the early 2000s. They hope, by being intermediaries, that they can win official support for migrants' legalization.

鈥淲e filed reports telling the migrants鈥� stories to the local authorities and we started organizing protests to show everyone how their illegal situation affected their everyday lives. We then asked the local authorities to give these people another chance, arguing case by case with loopholes in the Italian law. And then we told them, 鈥業f you give them documents, we can give them the tools to integrate into this country.鈥� They listened to us, re-opened these people鈥檚 files, and started issuing residence licenses,鈥� says Maria Rita Cardillo, an Italian activist.

The MMRC believes their approach can also help authorities deal with a more longstanding problem: the mafia. The Camorra 鈥� the mafia network based in the Campania region 鈥� has been able to exploit migrants by offering to pay desperate job-seekers for criminal work. By empowering migrants to earn their way legally, activists say, authorities can weaken Camorra鈥檚 control in the region.

鈥淚f you鈥檙e undocumented and you want to find a way to survive, it鈥檚 very simple to follow someone that will give you money in an easy way.... Without documents, you鈥檙e invisible and an easier target. We discovered that migrants listened when we told them there were other ways of living here,鈥� says Ms. Cardillo.

Still, not all migrants work effectively with MMRC.

鈥淲e know some people are involved in drug trafficking. I don鈥檛 call the police, but I let the migrants know that if they run into trouble we鈥檒l stop helping them. I don鈥檛 open the door when they come, and I tell them, 鈥楳aybe these troubles will allow you to see the right path now,鈥欌�� Donkor says.

Lead by example

Mamadou Kouassi worked many days in tobacco and tomato fields in the Campania region after leaving Ivory Coast in 2006, where he was a student with hopes of becoming a language teacher. In Italy, there was little he could do against the employers who didn鈥檛 pay him or abandoned him at the hospital after he got injured on the job.

But that feeling changed when Mr. Kouassi attended his first weekly meeting in Caserta and then decided to join a one-day strike in which migrants refused to work for less than 50 euros per day. The protest demonstrated the migrants' leverage to employers 鈥� but as important, it demonstrated that leverage to the migrants, too, Kouassi says.

鈥淚t wasn鈥檛 easy to take that step. We were very afraid, and for most of us, earning 20 euros [per day] was better than to protest. Some Italians passing by told us it wasn鈥檛 easy for them, either. We answered they were right, but that we should fight for our rights,鈥� he says. 鈥淚t was a good idea after all. That day changed something for most of us聽鈥� we finally realized we were being exploited.鈥�

Giampaolo Mosca, another Italian activist, insists even though the movement is political, there鈥檚 no political party backing it.

鈥淲e don鈥檛 ask anyone for their ideology. To be part of this movement is a way of life. Migrants come to seek help for their documents but meeting after meeting they become part of a family. They realize that their problem is also someone else's problem. And that鈥檚 how the movement grows,鈥� Mr. Mosca says.

Like Donkor, Kouassi got his residence permit and became a mediator with the MMRC. He makes up to 1,000 euros ($1,164) a month, which allows him to rent a house by himself. And he鈥檚 partially fulfilling his dream of teaching by visiting local schools to teach Italian children French and English.

But these days, he says, he鈥檚 focusing on a larger goal.

鈥淚 want to keep fighting for equality. It鈥檚 an incremental process," he says. "When I joined the movement we used to celebrate [getting] six-month residence permits. Now we鈥檙e celebrating two-year, five-year permits. And I always use my story to inspire others like me. Five years ago I was undocumented. Now I鈥檓 making a living fighting for migrants鈥� rights. All we have to do in life is not to give in to despair and be patient."