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Beijing and New Delhi are taking steps to prevent recent clashes along their disputed border from escalating out of control. But deep mistrust and nationalism, coupled with tens of thousands of troops now arrayed along the remote frontier, make that challenging.

Why has fighting erupted?

Tensions have long simmered along India鈥檚 disputed border with China, but the latest clashes mark an unusual escalation. The bloody, hand-to-hand fighting in June caused the first combat deaths along the border since 1975. Twenty Indian soldiers were killed, and India said China also had casualties, but Beijing has offered no details. Both countries accused each other of firing shots in September, the first time since the 1975 skirmish.

Back in May, India accused Chinese soldiers of crossing the de facto border known as the Line of Actual Control and of building encampments, while China countered that India had crossed the LAC and provoked attacks. India was building roads and other infrastructure that Beijing may have viewed as threatening to the status quo, experts say.听听

A core issue is a disagreement over where the border lies. British India and Tibet signed a treaty establishing the frontier as the McMahon Line in 1914, but China never accepted that as the official legal border. In 1962, Chinese troops crossed the McMahon Line and pushed deep into Indian territory in a monthlong war that left more than 1,000 Indians and several hundred Chinese dead. China then redrew the border unofficially to reflect these gains, calling it the Line of Actual Control. India pushed back in a second conflict in 1967, which left scores dead on either side. Today, New Delhi and Beijing disagree on the LAC鈥檚 location.

What efforts are underway to resolve the conflict?

India鈥檚 external affairs minister, Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, and Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi met in Moscow and issued a five-point statement on Sept. 10, pledging that forces on both sides should 鈥渃ontinue their dialogue, quickly disengage, maintain proper distance, and ease tensions.鈥� They also agreed that the forces should abide by existing agreements on military border patrols, which include a prohibition on the use of firearms. 鈥淭he current situation in the border areas is not in the interest of either side,鈥� the statement said.

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The agreement is a significant step to prevent the conflict from spiraling out of control, but it does not guarantee de-escalation, Asia experts say, noting that earlier plans by both sides to disengage have been followed by clashes. 鈥淭here is an absolute dearth of trust on both sides, especially on the Indian side,鈥� says Arzan Tarapore, a South Asia research scholar at Stanford University鈥檚 Asia-Pacific Research Center. Doubts over compliance, coupled with the current militarization of the border 鈥� with an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 troops positioned there by each country听鈥� mean China and India are unlikely to return to the status quo. The border will 鈥渓ook different in 2021 than it did prior to this crisis,鈥� he says.

From India鈥檚 perspective, China has raised the stakes by ordering its military to occupy Indian territory 鈥� essentially a quick land grab听鈥� instead of making a temporary incursion as in the past, says Dr. Tarapore, who is also a senior nonresident fellow at the National Bureau of Asian Research. To prevent such tactics, India dispatched special forces soldiers to occupy some strategic high ground on India鈥檚 side, complicating future moves by China, he says. For its part, China denies its military crossed into Indian territory.

What are the longer-term implications?

China may be asserting itself along the border with India for the same reason it has taken more aggressive stances recently toward Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the South China Sea 鈥� to show that, despite internal challenges from COVID-19 and an economic slowdown, it remains strong. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a warning to the Indian side,鈥� says Oriana Skylar Mastro, an expert on China鈥檚 military at the Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University. India has also moved in recent years to strengthen territorial controls on its periphery, experts say.

Rising nationalism plays an important role for both China and India 鈥� a factor that makes the conflict over the desolate Himalayan territory so vital for each side, and so difficult to resolve. 鈥淭he countries desperately prize their sovereignty 鈥� so even losing a sliver of unimportant land carries a lot of political weight,鈥� says Dr. Tarapore. 鈥淭here is a political significance to this high, barren land that isn鈥檛 amenable to economic or strategic analysis. It鈥檚 about national pride and national sovereignty. It鈥檚 about what it means to be China and what it means to be India.鈥�