海角大神

When Ei Thinzar Maung handed out T-shirts in downtown Yangon bearing the words 鈥淚 stand against genocide in Myanmar,鈥� she knew the risks.聽

It was Dec. 21, 2019. Less than two weeks before, Myanmar鈥檚 leader Aung San Suu Kyi traveled to the International Court of Justice to 鈥渄efend the national interest鈥� from charges of genocide against the country鈥檚 Rohingya minority. Meanwhile, back home,聽thousands rallied across the country under the banners 鈥淲e stand with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi鈥� and 鈥淲e stand with Myanmar.鈥�

鈥淧eople who are speaking against [the state] have become traitors of the nation,鈥� says Ms. Ei Thinzar Maung. Despite their fear of being attacked, she and two fellow activists wanted to show that not all people of Myanmar stood with the state.聽

鈥淲e wanted to at least have a clear conscience,鈥� she says.

Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar鈥檚 Rakhine State have long faced systematic discrimination, including limited access to health care and education, and restrictions of movement. In late 2017, more than 730,000 fled to neighboring Bangladesh amid widespread killing, rape, and arson by the Myanmar military.

A United Nations-appointed fact-finding mission found that the attacks were carried out with genocidal intent, and in聽November, Gambia filed a case at the International Court of Justice accusing Myanmar of genocide.聽But in the face of international condemnation, Myanmar has rallied around embattled civilian leader Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi, a Nobel Peace Prize-winning former human rights icon. She and the government have denied genocide took place, and defended the military鈥檚 actions as part of a counterinsurgency campaign.

Meanwhile, discussion of abuses committed against the Rohingya is largely taboo聽鈥� and even the word 鈥淩ohingya鈥� itself discouraged by the government.

鈥淭he idea of following a leader has been quite enshrined in the culture,鈥� says Ms. Ei Thinzar Maung. 鈥淔rom young, you are taught [to consider] not what you want to do, but what you can do for your country.鈥�

鈥淵ou are talking too much鈥�

In the eyes of many Burmese, the Rohingya are illegal interlopers from Bangladesh who threaten to swallow Myanmar鈥檚 Buddhist majority. Yet they trace their history in Myanmar back hundreds of years, and made up only about 2% of the country鈥檚 population prior to the exodus in 2017. Within Myanmar, international coverage of their persecution is commonly discredited as fake news, and Rohingya are often referred to as 鈥淏engali.鈥澛�

While Western critics have condemned Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi鈥檚 refusal to use the word 鈥淩ohingya,鈥澛爐he pro-military opposition has criticized her government for being soft on the issue. In January, after Yangon鈥檚 chief minister used the word 鈥淩ohingya,鈥� 21 parties published a statement accusing him of attacking the nation while it faced judgment at the international court.

鈥淚f you say the word Rohingya, you will face problems,鈥� said J Paing, the only photojournalist to cover the T-shirt campaign. After he posted photos of the event on his Facebook page, a prominent journalist called him a 鈥渘ational traitor.鈥�

鈥淲hen you talk about this issue, even your close friends will say, 鈥榊ou are talking too much,鈥欌�� Mr. J Paing says.

Htuu Lou Rae, who grew up in Yangon and organized the T-shirt event, says he first started to question the state narrative in high school, when he befriended a Rohingya classmate. Today, he is the director of Coexist Myanmar, which promotes peace between Buddhist and Muslim communities, and a coordinator of the civil rights group Doa-A-Yae.

The 鈥渧iolation of [Rohingyas鈥橾 freedoms, and injustice and discrimination they suffer, is my problem as much as theirs,鈥� he says. 鈥淲e need to redefine that to be Burmese is to stand with freedom, justice and equality of all, to stand against genocide, and to stand with international legal mechanisms which prevent and punish genocide.鈥�

The current climate, Mr. Htuu Lou Rae argues, results from the overlap between Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi鈥檚 popularity, ethnonationalism, and misreporting by the state and private media.

鈥淭he strong stand against the ICJ is partly due to ignorance of what is going on. The language barrier, misreporting by the local media, and legal jargon make it very hard to make sense of the nature of the lawsuit,鈥� he says. 鈥淎 lot of people misunderstood [and thought] that the nation and people are on trial, not the state and the government.鈥�

鈥淕enocide is un-Burmese,鈥� Mr. Htuu Lou Rae adds. 鈥淲hat is needed to put a curb on illiberal nationalisms聽鈥� especially in civil society聽鈥� is moral courage in the face of obstacles.鈥澛�

See no evil

On Jan. 23, the International Court of Justice ruled to impose provisional measures on Myanmar as the overall case continues, ordering the government to prevent future acts of genocide and not to destroy evidence.聽

In response, Myanmar鈥檚 state media published a聽statement titled 鈥淭here was No Genocide in Rakhine,鈥� saying accusers have 鈥減resented a distorted picture of the situation.鈥�

At the international court hearing, Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi described violence against the Rohingya as part of an internal armed conflict, provoked by attacks on military outposts by a Rohingya militant group. Myanmar鈥檚 military justice system 鈥� not the international court 鈥� should hold perpetrators accountable, she said.

Loyalty to Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi remains strong among the country鈥檚 Burmese Buddhist majority. Popular support reached a fervor in the weeks surrounding her appearance at the international court. Many adopted a temporary 鈥淚 stand with Daw Aung San Suu Kyi鈥� Facebook profile frame聽鈥� a campaign that surfaced during the 2017 violence in Rakhine State聽鈥� while similar posters appeared in homes and shops.聽

鈥淏efore, Daw Suu was my idol,鈥� recalls Ms. Ei Thinzar Maung, referring to Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi. 鈥淲hen I saw her face, oh! I wanted to be like her. ... But the funny thing is, she鈥檚 not my idol anymore. Things changed.鈥�

On Dec. 10, she and two other activists set up a table with the banner 鈥淚 stand against genocide. Change my mind,鈥� and distributed brochures at a rally to support Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi in Yangon, Myanmar鈥檚 largest city.聽

鈥淲hen people stopped, we wanted to ask them, how did the hatred spread like this?鈥� says Ms. Ei Thinzar Maung. Few people the activists spoke with had a clear idea of the international court case or the concepts behind it, says table organizer Zin Linn, but most were friendly. Within 30 minutes, however, police told them they were prohibited from handing out pamphlets, and they dispersed.

Yet once photos and videos of the rally and T-shirt event circulated online, the activists were accused of being funded by or part of an Islamic conspiracy聽鈥� a common charge toward those speaking out on the Rohingya issue. Hate speech was scrawled across screenshots of their photos, and they received threats of violence, including one death threat by video call.聽

Fear or harassment, and worse, has led many journalists to self-censor, Mr. J Paing says. Last May, two Reuters journalists were released following more than 500 days in prison in relation to their investigation of the September 2017 massacre of 10 Rohingya. Earlier this month, the military sued Reuters for criminal defamation over an article on the death of two Rohingya women, though the case was withdrawn March 18.

For Mr. J Paing, however, 鈥渢o not publish is like closing one鈥檚 eyes.鈥澛�

鈥淲hen people see photos, they can think. I will give all the information I have,鈥� he says. 鈥淚f they don鈥檛 see it, they won鈥檛 know, and if they don鈥檛 know, racism can increase.鈥�