海角大神

鈥� A version of this post ran on the author's blog,听riorealblog.com. The views expressed are the author's own.

Will the city鈥檚 more accessible and safer favelas be a laddered version of (the Rio neighborhood) Santa Teresa, with funky pizzarias and tapas bars, cool sidewalk music, and superb views? Will many of their residents,听land titles in hand, have sold up and moved to Guaratiba, Santa Cruz, or Rio das Pedras? Will the city then continue divvied up into pockets of the like-minded, with funkeiros, hipsters, and Country Club members each snuggling in their comfort zones?

Or will Rio manage to maintain and feed a rich mosaic that draws us across zones and through tunnels into the sort of chance encounters that spark creativity and light up lives?

Urban myths abound. One is that zero tolerance for broken windows and the like helped to revive听New York City. Another may be that land titles empower the poor.

Land titling

A pioneer land titling effort in Rio鈥檚 South Zone Cantagalo favela is examined in a book published听last year听by Paulo Rabello de Castro:听Galo Cantou: A conquista da propriedade pelos moradores do Cantagalo听[The Rooster Crowed: The conquest of property by the residents of Cantagalo]. In order to begin the titling process, a听team of young volunteer lawyers had to convince Governor S茅rgio Cabral to change the state constitution.

Comprehensive land titling is now the policy of both Rio鈥檚 state and city government, following a precept first stated in the 1980s by Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto. He said that a deed brings access to credit, information, and other benefits of the formal market economy.

So it was a bit of a shock recently to hear听favela advocate Jailson de Souza, longtime resident of the North Zone Complexo da Mar茅, talk about how to prevent gentrification. 鈥淭he last step should be land titling,鈥� he said, adding that favela residents need time to gain the economic, cultural, and educational wherewithal to keep their homes.

De Souza said he supports the creation of 鈥渃ultural spaces,鈥� utilizing Rio鈥檚听1992 APAC (脕reas de Prote莽茫o de Ambiente Cultural) model, which focuses on protecting physical buildings.

In Recife, zoning has been a fairly effective mechanism to protect low-income housing from speculation, according to听Brazilian lawyer and urban planner听Edesio Fernandes鈥� Lincoln Institute of Land Policy听Report,听Regularization of Informal听Settlements in Latin America. Fernandes cites a study saying that a Special Zone of Social听Interest, known by the Portuguese acronym听ZEIS, with 鈥溾�� limits on plot sizes, building听heights, and number of plots allowed听per individual, can significantly reduce development听pressures in newly regularized听communities when used in conjunction with听titling programs.鈥�

In some Latin American cities, policymakers tried to limit the transfer of newly titled property by requiring approval from residents鈥� associations or banning sale for several years (the case with Minha Casa Minha Vida apartments). Such schemes, says Fernandes, have merely led to new types of informal transactions.

Soon to be overtaken by events?

Perhaps to the advantage of those who agree with de Souza, in Rio a large-scale titling process is expensive, bureaucratic and slow, with听only a handful of favela residents in possession of a deed so far.

Meanwhile, favela rents and property values are rising fast,听construction is booming,听a growing number of foreign residents may constitute a vanguard, and听gentrification is clearly taking place in parts of the formal city contiguous to pacified favelas.

Nevertheless, not much debate is taking place.

Of course, gentrification doesn鈥檛 (so far) much affect areas such as the听North Zone鈥檚听Complexo do Alem茫o. But the South Zone鈥檚 income mix, fed by proximity to beaches, is arguably at the core of the entire city鈥檚 vibrant lifestyle that is so attractive to both natives and visitors. And in an era when we live so much in the virtual world, a vibrant urban lifestyle is a unique and terrible thing to waste.

Community Land Trusts: favela housing owners could make money

Back in the 1960s, some Americans were concerned about the fate of those being pushed out of low-income neighborhoods. This is when the Community Land Trust (CLT) model was created, with a commitment to 鈥渂alancing individual and community听interests,鈥� according to the听Community Land Trust Handbook.

The key issue in creating a land trust model is how to preserve some degree of market value while protecting a community from real estate booms or speculation, or both.

Is this possible? One of the oldest community land trusts was created in 1984 in Burlington, Vermont, reportedly to protect parts of the city from a booming weekend home market (spurred by wealthy New Yorkers).听An impact study has revealed long-term positive results. There, the trust (i.e. the community) intermediates purchases and sales. Owners can earn 25 percent of the increase in value that occurs between the time they buy and sell a home. The study found that owners did accumulate wealth while affordability was preserved.

The percentage could be adapted to the Rio market.

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Additional features of 听a Community Land Trust

• Land is treated as a common heritage.听Title to multiple parcels is held by a single non-profit owner that manages these lands on behalf of a particular community, present, and future.

• Land is removed from the market at large, never resold by the non-profit owner.听Land is put to use, however, by leasing out individual parcels for the construction of housing, the production of food, the development of commercial enterprises, or the promotion of other activities that support individual livelihood or community life.

• Structural improvements are owned separately from the land, with title to buildings held by individual homeowners, business owners, housing cooperatives, etc.

• A ground lease lasting many years gives the owners of these structural improvements the exclusive use of the land听beneath their buildings.

The Vermont trust emerged with government and activist support, and a municipal grant to help it get started.听Of course this is just one example, which could be adapted to different environments. And there are other frameworks being used听听to prevent gentrification听in the US and other Latin American countries.

Over the years, the Vermont trust has听developed a variety of housing and community roles linked to its original mission.

Clap your hands if you believe in fairies

To set up structures along these lines in Rio de Janeiro would require an enormous amount of patience, idealism, and determination. So many values and assumptions would need to change. Community participation, once strong in Rio favelas, but undermined by drug traffickers, would have to pick up steam. And policymakers would have to rethink a generally top-down approach.

Also, rules are needed for collective decision-making 鈥� and they must be widely observed. 鈥淓conomic pressure听to bypass such rules and sell plots informally听became widespread in Mexican听ejidos听located听near fast-growing cities, thus undermining听the original community goals,鈥� Edesio Fernandes reports.

Gentrification is only one of many issues challenging Brazil鈥檚 unequal, autocratic, and classist society. Rio鈥檚 turnaround is part of a larger picture, in which millions have left poverty over the last decade,听to an unprecedented extent听gaining access to information, markets and virtual networks. 听Little of this is reversible, and it听implies huge long-term changes in attitudes and behaviors.

Now is the time to create arenas for community participation and the听legitimization听of institutions and laws. For democracy is a process, slow and painful, and there are no alternatives.

What those in the know are saying

鈥淚f people who are really interested in preserving the community 鈥渙n the hill鈥� are serious, they have to find mechanisms to empower the community independent of听 the state, politics, and the private sector,鈥� says听Robert Wilson, founder of Startup Rio. Mr. Wilson, who is working on a venture capital initiative to prevent the gentrification of favelas, suggests a comprehensive program whereby residents would learn how to听own, control, and administer the land and buildings in their communities in partnership, and to generate revenue individually and collectively.

Matias Sueldo wrote about gentrification for his newly-earned Yale Law School degree, completed in conjunction with a Masters in Public Administration at the Kennedy School of Government. Mr. Sueldo suggests that Rio consider either government concessions for land use with limited transfer rights, or titling with strict zoning regulations. 鈥淓ither way,鈥� he adds, 鈥淩io鈥檚 titling policy needs to be rethought before gentrification drives some of its oldest and most vibrant communities to society鈥檚 margins鈥�.

Theresa Williamson, who founded the favela advocacy non-profit Catcomm,听notes that Rio鈥檚 favelas, the product of decades without regulation or zoning legislation, are problems becoming opportunities.听鈥漊ltimately these neighborhoods provide听affordable, well-located housing, each different from the other with unique manifestations of cultural and architectural development,鈥� she says. 鈥淎 Community Land Trust model would allow each communities鈥櫶� assets to be determined, strengthened and consolidated."

--- Julia Michaels, a long-time resident of Brazil, writes the blog听Rio Real,听which she describes as a constructive and critical view of Rio de Janeiro鈥檚 ongoing transformation.