海角大神

Two Honduran women pleaded with an immigration official last week, after walking into Guatemala with the estimated 8,000-strong migrant caravan that left Honduras earlier this month.

鈥淚鈥檓 a single mother,鈥� one of the young women told the Guatemalan official, her voice breaking. 鈥淵ou are eating well. We do not even have bananas because the river swept away all our crops, all our means to work.鈥� She had already traveled more than 250 miles from her home in Yoro, devastated by back-to-back hurricanes last fall, and even before that suffering high unemployment and violent crime.

The official was sympathetic, but repeated Guatemala鈥檚 policy of requiring a negative COVID-19 test in order to enter. He would have to send them back across the border.

The women pushed back: Hadn鈥檛 he heard the news? The caravan was going to get help along the way. Joe Biden promised that once he was in office the caravan would be welcome in the United States and free to travel through Mexico.

The false rumors underscore common expectations for change as the Biden administration takes control, though migrants鈥� motivations for fleeing home had little to do with the inauguration. Over the past four years, the U.S. approach to migration has brushed over root causes to emphasize containment, effectively pressuring Mexico and Guatemala to keep migrants and asylum-seekers from continuing north.

But despite some quick actions during President Biden鈥檚 first week in office 鈥� including the suspension of new admissions to the Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP) policy, which forced asylum-seekers to remain in Mexico awaiting U.S. court hearings 鈥� it鈥檚 unclear how immigration enforcement might shift in the region. Historically, U.S. policy on migration has strongly informed its neighbors鈥�. Yet containment is easier than a holistic approach that might require increased budgets and public policies, observers say.

In the past two years, Mexico鈥檚 president went from promising more humanitarian visas for migrants to deploying the national guard to keep them out, under pressure from President Donald Trump. Guatemala, one of the biggest sending countries of migrants to the U.S. in recent years, agreed to take in asylum-seekers from other countries during Mr. Trump鈥檚 administration, and met the most recent migrant caravan with force, barring the group from advancing toward the U.S. Mexico and the U.S.聽thanked Guatemala for its efforts.

鈥淲e know Donald Trump essentially forced this situation,鈥� says the Rev. Mauro Verzeletti, director of the Casa del Migrante shelter in Guatemala City, speaking of Mexico and Guatemala鈥檚 increasingly militarized attempts to halt northbound migration. But he isn鈥檛 confident there will be an about-face under Mr. Biden.

鈥淢aking declarations and repressing people is easy,鈥� says Mr. Verzeletti. Addressing the root causes that put people in such desperate conditions to begin with, he says, takes more resources, will, and work.

Passing through

Historically, Mexico hasn鈥檛 had a true migration policy of its own, says Mar铆a Dolores Par铆s Pombo, a professor at the College of the Northern Border outside Tijuana. Instead, it tends to react directly to directives and policies in the U.S.

She says Mexico has taken some of its most notable moves around migration at key moments in U.S.-Mexico relations. Mexico created its national migration institute in 1993, for example, in the lead-up to NAFTA. And it launched an initiative to cut off key flows of migration from Guatemala in 2001, before U.S. and Mexican presidents met to discuss immigration reform. Mexico militarized its southern border after President Barack Obama declared a humanitarian crisis over unaccompanied minors arriving at the U.S. border in 2014.

鈥淢exico isn鈥檛 a country of immigration like the U.S. It鈥檚 more a country of transit,鈥� says Dr. Par铆s Pombo, but 鈥渢he policies the U.S. adopts directly affect Mexico.鈥�

Gretchen Kuhner, the director of the Institute for Women in Migration in Mexico City, says Mexico has national interests of its own in keeping levels of migration down. On Inauguration Day, Mr. Biden introduced the U.S. Citizenship Act, which could create a path to citizenship for some 11 million immigrants without legal status. He also issued an executive order to bolster the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program, calling on Congress to enact legislation to provide permanent legal status or citizenship for so-called Dreamers, the vast majority of whom are Mexican.

鈥淢exico knows very well that if there鈥檚 a surge on the border, the political right in the U.S. will make a huge issue of it, and that could impact the legislative proposals for immigration,鈥� says Ms. Kuhner. 鈥淭hat plays into Mexico鈥檚 approach.鈥�

Guatemala may be thinking along similar lines: Remittances sent home to Guatemala by relatives in the U.S. reached record levels during the pandemic, surpassing $1 billion a month by the end of 2020. That鈥檚 a lifeline few Guatemalan officials want to jeopardize.

Containment is also 鈥渆asy,鈥� says Ms. Kuhner. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not as messy as trying to interview people and help them get protection.鈥�

Because of U.S. policies like MPP, Mexico has many more migrants waiting long term than before. 鈥淭hese are really vulnerable people and Mexico doesn鈥檛 have policies for this,鈥� says Dr. Par铆s Pombo. 鈥淓ven with MPP suspended, this isn鈥檛 going to be resolved in the short term. And I don鈥檛 think governments 鈥� neither Guatemala nor Mexico 鈥� are going to modify their current approaches. They don鈥檛 have the capacity,鈥� she says. 鈥淭hey鈥檇 prefer to put the Army on their borders, detain people, and return them to their country, instead of having to take charge of them.鈥�

鈥淕oing to continue鈥�

Guatemalan security forces blocked a road near Vado Hondo Jan. 16, holding back thousands of mostly Honduran migrants en route to the U.S., and soldiers used batons on a group that pushed through. Two days later, hundreds of police and troops in riot gear cleared the highway, effectively disbanding the caravan. Mexico deployed additional troops along its own southern border in anticipation, though the caravan wound up splintering long before.

At an immigration checkpoint in nearby Rio Hondo, it became clear the only option was to turn back. With armed forces looking on, migrants, including many young children, waited to board buses home.

Pascual C谩lix was one of them. Forced to leave his home in Honduras following hurricanes Eta and Iota, he鈥檇 joined the caravan to find work in the U.S. in order to support his wife and teenage son, repair his damaged property, and replant the land on which his family depends for food.

鈥淭here has been no help from the government,鈥� he says of Honduras鈥� response to the double whammy of natural disasters late last year, which impacted hundreds of thousands of people.

鈥淭he U.S. sends aid to [Honduras], but [to] the poor, nothing,鈥� Mr. C谩lix laments. He hasn鈥檛 ruled out trying to migrate again.

Mexican President Andr茅s Manuel L贸pez Obrador said last week that President Biden had pledged $4 billion in a phone call for development in Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala, where crime, unemployment, and other hardships have generated a steady stream of migration up to the U.S. border.

Fernando Castro, former vice consul at the Guatemalan Consulate in the Mexican state of Chiapas from 2017 to 2020, applauds Mr. Biden鈥檚 plan to create an aid package for Central America. But he hopes it鈥檚 carried out differently from previous efforts, like a similar aid package deployed under Mr. Obama that Mr. Castro says 鈥渞eally did not work.鈥�

Job creation should be a key focus, he says, but there need to be regular assessments to see what actually reduces migration and what does not. He also thinks regional governments need to band together to sort out their shared interests, particularly dealing with seasonal migration within the region.

鈥淢igration is going to continue,鈥� he says.

Some people, including human smugglers, are taking advantage of people鈥檚 hopes that the situation at the U.S. border will become more welcoming.

But, along the route north, Mr. Castro warns, 鈥渢he same position that Donald Trump left [behind] is being upheld.鈥�