海角大神

He was spotted in the most hipster of locales: a vinyl record store in downtown Toronto.

But our friend bore none of the other markings of today鈥檚 urbanites like, say, a knitted cap in summer or an oat-milk latte in hand. In fact 鈥渉e鈥� (or 鈥渟he鈥�) was聽a black-masked raccoon, discovered next to a Willie Nelson sleeve in the storefront of Kops Records on Queen Street in June.

For an animal seeking its place in the urban landscape, it was just another day. But the presence of wildlife in cities has engendered questions and ambivalence about the distinctions between human spaces and the wild. And the blurring of those boundaries has left its mark on animals.

Although raccoon cousins in rural Ontario surely could never enjoy such an urban excursion, city-dwelling animals regularly interact with our built environment, like coyotes navigating train tracks or geese at street crossings. In some cases, animals seem to be evolving into new, more urban-adapted creatures altogether, like city spiders that scientists say are聽no longer fearful of light.

The rise of the urbanite raccoon is bringing questions about聽what it means to share space with wildlife to the fore.聽Some people love the animals, and want to feed or nurture them, while others just want them gone. And that hints at questions around how we see cities: Are they places just for humans, or human-built environments for all?

In Toronto, which likes to hail itself the world capital of the raccoon, the black-masked creatures know when to cross busy streets (at dawn) in the approximately 3 square blocks that they each generally navigate (unlike the 20 square miles their rural peers can roam) and how to knock over compost bins聽to get around raccoon-resistant locks that the city spent $31 million (Canadian; U.S.$23.3 million) installing, as a Toronto Star investigation last summer found.

鈥淲hen they move into the city, they live kind of like we do,鈥� says Suzanne MacDonald, a psychology professor at York University and long the authority here on raccoon behavior. 鈥淪o, you know, high density, they get along where they wouldn鈥檛 in the country, they eat junk.鈥�

In general, this has made the city creature much bigger, something I can confirm: my daughter has lovingly dubbed the raccoon that frequently waddles between our back porch and the tree behind our house 鈥淐hubs.鈥�

Dr. MacDonald鈥檚 major finding is about urban raccoons鈥� tenacity. Where the rural ones are less likely to persist in a strategy that doesn鈥檛 work, the urban ones keep working until they have it figured out. Now she鈥檚 setting out to determine whether that鈥檚 innate or learned, by studying orphaned raccoons in each place. 鈥淚 want to know if the city animals are actually becoming a different subspecies than the rural ones,鈥� she says.

Raccoons aren鈥檛 learning the ways of the city alone. Coyote 鈥渋ncidents鈥� have increased in the past decade, says Danny Moro, a senior project manager at the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority.聽

Coyotes are quite adaptable, he says. And urban environments provide a lot of their necessities: prey, or plentiful food scraps on garbage day, and sheds or industrial spaces to den. They鈥檝e learned if they go back north, they face predators like wolves, Mr. Moro adds. 鈥淚 guess the closest thing you could call a predator in an urban environment would be a vehicle.鈥�

For some human urbanites, interactions with wildlife can raise questions of responsibility. Animals injured and orphaned by cars, for example, are a prime concern for some city residents. Others are more concerned for themselves or their pets and property.

Direct encounters can be unnerving. One morning this past winter, waking up feeling invincible, I went for a predawn run with friends in a heavy snowfall in Toronto鈥檚 High Park. The park is full of backcountry tracks, but given the conditions, we took to the main road.

Yet even there, a coyote neared our path, stopping us in our tracks. Two of us did exactly what you shouldn鈥檛 鈥� we turned our backs and walked briskly away. But our running leader knew how to handle this. She raised her arms in the air to make herself bigger while making loud sounds. Except that didn鈥檛 work. The coyote didn鈥檛 budge. Then we noticed another nearby, unmoving. There was a moment of fright, and then a police officer pulled up, and told us all to get in the back of her car, bringing us to safety: the main artery of Lakeshore Boulevard. The coyotes had won.

Mr. Moro says he鈥檚 been getting a lot more calls about coyotes that are unfussed by loud humans. Some blame, he says, goes to people who put out food to feed them.

In the case of raccoons, surveys have long shown Toronto鈥檚 attitude toward them is love/hate, and sometimes it鈥檚 love/hate in the same person, changing throughout the course of a single day. Feelings about raccoons are particularly intense, says Dr. MacDonald, because humans mistakenly attribute intention to the animals. They might surmise that a raccoon is waiting for the human to leave before breaking into the house, or taunting a human by looking straight into their eyes.

Raccoons drive her crazy too, she says, but 鈥渢hey are just trying to make a living.鈥澛�

As raccoons are getting smarter, sci fi-ish fears about their 鈥渢akeover鈥� have ballooned. But there is really no competition, Dr. MacDonald reassures. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not going to be like 鈥楶lanet of the Raccoons.鈥欌�� In fact, 鈥淚 always say, 鈥榣ook it鈥檚 the mark of a healthy city if we have wildlife living with us,鈥欌�� she says. 鈥淭hat means our city is pretty darn good.鈥�