海角大神

It has been one of the world鈥檚 legendary separatist strongholds. Yet in provincial elections in Quebec this month, notions of an independent nation from Canada barely registered here 鈥� for the first time in two generations.

In fact, the Parti Qu茅b茅cois (PQ), founded 50 years ago this week to advocate for sovereignty, scored so badly that it lost official party status and the public funding that goes with it.

鈥淭oday many Quebecers set aside a debate that divided us for 50 years,鈥� said Fran莽ois Legault, the Coalition Avenir Qu茅bec leader who takes power as premier of Quebec later this month. His upstart party鈥檚 victory not only upended decades of two-party dominance in Quebec, but also the binary 鈥測es鈥� or 鈥渘o鈥� choice that the sovereignty debate perpetuated.

Now, old anxieties over the preservation of language and culture are taking a new shape.

While other independence movements rumble from Catalonia to Flanders, Quebec鈥檚 election was seen as pushback against separatist reflexes. Yet Mr. Legault stirred identity politics nonetheless. Among his more controversial promises were to mandate that immigrants take a French and values test, and that public service employees in positions of authority forgo wearing religious symbols.

The election and its results show that while Quebecers may feel settled about their place in Canada, unease around migration 鈥� and what that means for their culture 鈥� have surfaced. 鈥淎 lot of that anxiety has been channeled to the immigration issue,鈥� says Jack Jedwab, president of the Association for Canadian Studies in Montreal, 鈥渂ecause there's a sense that immigrants are not sufficiently adopting the French language.鈥� He says that perception is mistaken, according to official statistics.

Legault, an ex-separatist from the PQ and former airline executive, made clear he would never hold a referendum on sovereignty while in office, reflecting the political mood in Quebec.

Independence, which failed in two referendums in 1980 and 1995, doesn鈥檛 carry the urgency it once did for many voters. Val茅rie-Anne Mah茅o, a guest researcher in the political science department at the University of Montreal, says Millennials in particular, who grew up speaking different languages and meeting people from around the world, don鈥檛 see it as a path forward.

They also grew up with strong protections for the French language put in place in 1977. 鈥淪ome people say we鈥檝e gained so much protection of the French language that it actually hindered the sovereignist movement, that now people, especially young people, do not see the French language as being threatened,鈥� she says.

But current immigration patterns have introduced a new component to the perennial debate. And Quebec, where many refugees have crossed illegally from the US to claim asylum in Canada, is on the front lines. Of 14,125 irregular border-crossers as of August of this year, the vast majority, or 13,479, crossed via Quebec.

Legault tapped into concerns over immigration. He promised in his platform to reduce the quota of those coming to the province by 20 percent, from 50,000 to 40,000 per year. During his campaign he said if new immigrants failed to learn French in three years, with some exceptions, they would not be granted authorization to stay in Quebec 鈥� though he later toned down that message since provinces don鈥檛 have authority over expulsions. He said he worried that if more is not done to integrate immigrants, 鈥渙ur grandchildren will not speak French.鈥�

Criticized outside of Quebec for ideas that seem contrary to Canada鈥檚 welcoming stance on diversity, Legault has also faced accusations of racism at home. In Montreal over the weekend, protesters gathered to condemn his policies on identity and culture. Yet some believe his ideas serve to ensure the sovereignty debate doesn鈥檛 resurface.

In an online survey by Vote Compass, published by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ahead of the race, 68 percent of respondents said they鈥檇 like the Quebec government to do more to protect the French language (compared with 26 percent who said they were satisfied with what the government was currently doing).

Mr. Jedwab says the issue is often stirred up by politicians tapping into angst about language, when in reality Quebec is in the envious position of being increasingly bilingual due to the growth of second-language adoption among both anglophones and francophones. 鈥淚n fact, those people whose first language is neither English nor French who are resident in Quebec are probably the most trilingual population in North America,鈥� he says.

At the fancifully decorated Bistro Le Forain in Gatineau, on the border with Ottawa, co-owner Laurent Vandeputte sees the efforts to protect French as cultural preservation. 鈥淚t鈥檚 more exotic, in a world that would otherwise be all English,鈥� says Mr. Vandeputte, who was born in Belgium and is multilingual. But he recognizes a political byproduct in training newcomers to speak French: It could 鈥渉eal鈥� insecurities that drive Quebecers to feel they need their own nation.

Down the street at La petite G鈥橝RT, an artist cooperative housed in a former train station, artists Mary McGuire and Jackie Kozminchuk say they are relieved the sovereignty issue is over 鈥� for now.

Legault鈥檚 ideas are just common sense, and to view it as nationalist is a 鈥渘arrow vision of Quebec,鈥� says聽Ms. McGuire, an anglophone who moved to Quebec and had to learn French at age 18. 鈥淭his is an old policy, he鈥檚 just brought it out more. You have to learn French here, or move on.鈥�

Ms. Kozminchuk, a francophone born in Quebec, says she sees French acquisition for immigrants as a win-win. 鈥淚t makes it easier for everyone,鈥� she says. 鈥淎nd let鈥檚 hope the issue of sovereignty is dead.鈥�