海角大神

Thomas Jefferson, in drumming up support for war against the British Empire in 1812, boasted that capturing the territory that is now Canada would be a 鈥渕ere matter of marching.鈥�

That sense of American superiority was voiced 206 years ago. But it feels uncomfortably familiar to modern-day Canadians like Eugene Oatley, a descendant of a United Empire Loyalist 鈥� American colonists who fled north at the Revolutionary War and sought refuge under the British Crown.

As President Trump threatens the 鈥渞uination鈥� of Canada in renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Canadians are not only surprised, but angered. Old complexes about the Canadian-American relationship, one that has been among the most peaceful in the world for two bordering countries, are resurfacing.

鈥淭rump is using the same old bullying tactics, it is like 200 years all over again,鈥� says Mr. Oatley, who on a blustery day is standing at Lundy鈥檚 Lane in Niagara Falls, site of one of the fiercest battles of the War of 1812. No side could declare outright victory, not unlike the competing visions of victory in the war itself. But for British North America, the battle thwarted a US advance and takeover 鈥� and showed how misguided the American Founding Father鈥檚 war rhetoric was.

鈥淵ou have to face bullies,鈥� Oatley says, adding that it is as true now as then. 鈥淵ou can鈥檛 run away from them.鈥�

Some have dismissed Mr. Trump鈥檚 moves as boorishness that market forces will eventually curtail. But his tactics have raised anxious questions about how dependent Canada, which sends 75 percent of its exports south, remains on the US. They've also rekindled a form of nationalism, which in many Western countries translates into the exclusion of others, but in multicultural and multilingual Canada more often takes the shape of anti-Americanism.

鈥淚t鈥檚 always there, the sense that we are different than the Americans,鈥� says historian Jack Granatstein, who wrote the book 鈥淵ankee Go Home? Canadians and Anti-Americanism,鈥� which traces an undercurrent of anti-Americanism in Canadian society since the American Revolution. 鈥淲e are loyalists, they are rebels. We believe in peace, order, and good government, not life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. There's always a sense that somehow the United States is out of step with us. And at no point is that clearer than the present.鈥�

鈥淭rump has made every Canadian government that follows aware that you can鈥檛 trust the Americans now.鈥�

Formed in opposition to the US

Canada was built upon a vision that was explicitly distinct from the US, starting as early as 1776. The Loyalists were the first significant wave of English-speaking settlers in Canada and fundamental to its identity. Today the United Empire Loyalists鈥� Association of Canada is still a popular club聽鈥� Oatley sits on the board of the largest of the branches in Niagara, loyalist heartland at the US border. Their patriotism is seen in the initials 鈥淯E鈥� they place after their names to affirm their heritage.

This region, along the Great Lakes, later became the main theater of the War of 1812, with battlegrounds dotting the landscape along the Niagara River. The conflict confirmed a wariness of the US and the need to defend itself聽鈥� the war鈥檚 resistance heroes are some of the most celebrated historic figures聽鈥� which would continue through the founding of Canada.

When the Province of Canada with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia joined together to create Canada in 1867, the driving motivation was to resist an American invasion聽鈥� and American-style extremes.

鈥淲e were terrified of a United States that had just gone through a civil war,鈥� says Michael Adams, president of the Environics Institute for Survey Research, which measures Canadian attitudes. 鈥淭here were a lot of things that Canadians didn't like about the United States聽鈥� slavery, civil wars, guns, and violence,鈥� he says. 鈥淪o we we actually formed ourselves in opposition to the United States.鈥�

In the last century, as the US grew as the world鈥檚 superpower, staking positions that were controversial around the globe, Canada worked hard to find its own place, consuming American culture and products but often at pains to define itself as, above all, 鈥渘ot American.鈥� Canadian governments often disagreed with American foreign policy positions, from the Vietnam War to the invasion of Iraq in 2003. But trade barriers continued to fall, bringing down with them political ones as well.

Dan Ciuriak, an international trade expert at the C.D. Howe Institute, a think tank in Toronto, says that despite continual disputes, both economic and political, convergence has been the dominant theme of the past generation, even after 9/11 when fears of terrorism caused the US to fortify its borders. 鈥淚n Canada and the US there's this narrative of 鈥榳e don't just trade together, we build things together, we do things together,鈥� and while there was a thickening of the border post-9/11, which was never really resolved, there was still that sense that the relationship was this one of partnership,鈥� he says.

For many, Trump鈥檚 actions have proven that illusory.

Trump has been widely unpopular in Canada since before the election, but tariffs issued on the grounds of 鈥渘ational security鈥� were deeply offensive to most Canadians. Weeks later he dissed Prime Minister Justin Trudeau after the Group of Seven meeting in Quebec as 鈥渨eak,鈥� an insult that buoyed support for the Canadian leader across the political spectrum.

In the latest spat, the US seemed to shut Canada out of NAFTA negotiations, forging a deal on the sidelines with Mexico and then giving Canada a deadline to sign or leave it. As talks have stalled, Trump has hurled successive insults, threatening to put tariffs on cars, which TD Bank analysts have shown could cost Canada 160,000 jobs, the majority in Ontario.

Trump has tried to back Canada in a corner, to force Ottawa to open the Canadian dairy or cultural market or loosen the independent trade dispute system. In the midst of negotiations he told reporters in off-the-record comments that the US will not compromise with Canada. 鈥淚t鈥檚 going to be so insulting they鈥檙e not going to be able to make a deal,鈥� he said, according to the Toronto Star, which published the bombshell remarks.

Canadians 'not intimidated'

Trudeau has been criticized by some for misplaying the US, by others for playing it up. 鈥淭rump stirs the nationalism, and Trudeau is riding it,鈥� Granatstein, the historian, says.

Oatley says Trudeau has no choice but to stand strong. He says the US can't 鈥渞uin鈥� Canada. 鈥淭rump could hurt us,鈥� he says, 鈥渂ut that would hurt the US too.鈥�

Trudeau said this week that auto tariffs 鈥渨ould be devastating, obviously, to the Canadian auto industry, but it would also be devastating to the American auto industry.鈥� Members of the US Congress and industry leaders have come out backing Canada, saying they will not support a trade deal without all three original NAFTA signatories on board.

鈥淐anadians are shocked and appalled, but they're not intimidated. All this mindless bluster is really not affecting the Canadian position in these negotiations,鈥� says Gordon Ritchie, a former Canadian ambassador for trade negotiations and deputy chief negotiator of the Canada-US free-trade agreement. 鈥淚t's not just rhetoric to say that Canada will only sign on to a good deal.鈥�

But in the trade maelstrom, attitudes have shifted. Since Trump was elected, more Canadians hold unfavorable views of the US than favorable ones, for the first time since Environics began measuring opinions in 1982.

At the grassroots level, the clash has translated into a surge of patriotism at the grocery store and travel agency, with a #BuyCanadian movement taking off on social media. When Canada announced $12.6 billion in retaliatory tariffs this summer, only 20 percent of Canadians said they were opposed, despite the vulnerable economic position that Canada finds itself in.

And while Canadians say their protest is not directed at Americans, individual Americans are feeling it. Eddy Ng, an economics professor at Dalhousie University鈥檚 Rowe School of Business in Halifax, is conducting a study of American expats in Canada with Thomas Koellen of the University of Bern in Switzerland. The two started collecting experiences in the Canadian workplace after Trump was inaugurated.

Professor Ng says that more than half of respondents say they feel they are treated differently because of nationality. At the same time Canadians, whose multiculturalism is celebrated as part of the national identity, don鈥檛 see American-bashing as politically incorrect. That inconsistency goes back to geography and history, Ng suggests. 鈥淲e always define ourselves by what the Americans are not.鈥�

Testing the limits of US-Canadian friendship?

Michael Byers, who holds the Canada Research Chair in Global Politics and International Law at the University of British Columbia, says Canada over the years has moved further away from the US, particularly over culture war issues from guns to gay marriage. Today that is no clearer than at the top, where Trudeau has come to symbolize the liberal world order and Trump the populism nipping at its edges. He says those trends continue聽鈥� but they aren鈥檛 necessarily anti-American in nature, and the vast majority of Canadians distinguish between the administration and the American population.

鈥淐anadians are very concerned by how [Trump] has turned a very positive bi-national relationship into a hard-nose bargaining game,鈥� Mr. Byers says. 鈥淭rump will cause a greater degree of divergence, and that certainly has Canadians pulling together. Not against the United States, but against the Trump administration.鈥�

Not all sound such an optimistic note for the future of the relationship. In a commentary in The Globe and Mail, Laura Dawson, the director of the Canada Institute at the Wilson Center in Washington, recalls the words of former Prime Minister Jean Chr茅tien聽days after 9/11, when he declared that Canada would stand behind the US because the friendship has no limit.

鈥淥r does it?鈥� she asks in the piece. 鈥淟ooking back on Sept. 14, 2001, I wonder whether Canadians will ever again feel that same sense of solidarity with the United States. Will our flags ever overlap as proudly and easily as they did then?鈥�

Mr. Adams, of the Environics Institute, reaches back even further, to the oft-cited words of former President John F. Kennedy, who defined the Canadian-American alliance in Ottawa in 1961: 鈥淕eography has made us neighbors. History has made us friends. Economics has made us partners. And necessity has made us allies. Those whom nature hath so joined together, let no man put asunder. What unites us is far greater than what divides us.鈥�

Many Canadians hope Kennedy鈥檚 words will endure the political disruption from Washington nearly 60 years later. But today they feel less an ally and more like 鈥渢he little sister,鈥� as Adams puts it. 鈥淲e鈥檒l feel badly, we might cry, but I don鈥檛 know what we can do. Our only authority is moral authority.鈥�