海角大神

Growing up in Oicha, a town in eastern Congo, in the 1990s, No茅 Kasali鈥檚 playground was his city鈥檚 streets. He and his friends stayed out late nearly every night, playing elaborate games in the roads of their neighborhoods as darkness settled over the city. When they went home, their mothers loaded up their plates with plantains, fried beans, and cassava leaves.

Today, when he thinks of what lasting peace would look like in the eastern Congo, this is what he imagines: his children playing under a full moon, or himself coming home with arms full of vegetables from a family plot outside the city.

But when Mr. Kasali heard news last week of a new cease-fire between the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) army and a major rebel group, he, like many Congolese, did not get his hopes up.

鈥淧eople are tired of living every day with broken promises,鈥� says Mr. Kasali, who now runs a trauma counseling center in the eastern city of Beni. And for him, safety has never been about men in a distant conference room in Angola shaking hands and promising to put down their guns. It isn鈥檛 soldiers swarming the streets to keep the peace, or 18-wheelers dragging container-loads of rice and cooking oil into displaced persons鈥� camps.

鈥淚t鈥檚 about being able to go home,鈥� he says. 鈥淧eople here might be surviving physically, but psychologically, that鈥檚 what they鈥檙e longing for, to be safe at home.鈥�

According to United Nations figures, 5.8 million people have fled their homes in eastern Congo, forced out by fighting that has stricken the region for over two decades.

Last Tuesday鈥檚 cease-fire marked the latest in a series of diplomatic attempts to end the fighting that has been raging for nearly a year in this part of the Congo. But it was broken the same day it went into effect, signaling just how flimsy those efforts have been, particularly for those living in the war鈥檚 shadow.

鈥淭hese security interventions don鈥檛 necessarily make people feel safer,鈥� says Margaret Monyani, a senior researcher at the Institute for Security Studies in South Africa. 鈥淭he underlying issues aren鈥檛 necessarily being dealt with.鈥澛犅�

And in eastern Congo, those underlying issues are extremely complex.

Suffering in silence

Since the late 1990s, the region has been buffeted by fighting between the government and dozens of rebel groups, which has killed and uprooted millions. That violence has been fueled, in part, by ethnic grievances that straddle the region鈥檚 borders.

The most recent fighting, for instance, is largely between the Congolese army and a rebel group called Mouvement du 23 Mars, or M23, which allegedly receives significant assistance from the government of neighboring Rwanda, according to the U.N. (Rwanda denies providing the group with any support.)聽聽

Rwanda鈥檚 involvement in Congo dates back to the mid-1990s. Rwanda invaded the DRC, then called Zaire, to hunt down perpetrators of its genocide who had taken refuge there. The conflict spiraled, leading to the overthrow of Zaire鈥檚 longtime dictator, Mobutu Sese Seko, and plunging the country鈥檚 eastern borderlands into violence that continues to this day.

Much of the conflict has been both driven and bankrolled by the country鈥檚 enormous deposits of metals such as gold, tin, and tungsten. In 2021, the Norwegian Refugee Council, an international humanitarian agency, found that no other displacement crisis in the world received so little media attention. The Congolese, their report argued, 鈥渟uffer in a deafening silence.鈥澛�

M23 is one of about 120 rebel groups to emerge from this instability, which a U.N. peacekeeping force in the region 鈥� the longest lasting and most expensive initiative of its kind in the world 鈥� has proved unable to tame. Initially formed in 2012, M23 briefly conquered the city of Goma, the regional hub, in November that year. It was effectively defeated by 2013, but in March last year, the group re-formed and began launching new attacks.

Since then, about 600,000 people have fled their homes to escape the fighting. Nearly half of them are now living in makeshift settlements on the outskirts of Goma, relying on precarious humanitarian aid for survival as their crops rot, unpicked in their fields at home.

But even for those who haven鈥檛 had to flee, the war has seeped into daily life in ways large and small. In the markets of Goma, for instance, staples of Congolese cuisine 鈥� like beans, palm oil, and cassava 鈥� are selling for bloated prices because they are in limited supply. Roads in and out of the city are either closed or patrolled by armed rebels, making it nearly impossible for those farmers who are still working to get their goods to market.

Another meeting, another peace deal

Since mid-2022, officials from the DRC, Rwanda, and other countries in the region have met several times to discuss ways to end the fighting. But negotiations have repeatedly broken down, in part because most of the negotiations have not included M23 itself. (M23 leaders said they found out about a cease-fire negotiated in Angola last November on social media.)

Meanwhile, soldiers from a regional East African force deployed to 鈥渆nforce peace鈥� have been met with widespread skepticism.

鈥淎t a very basic level, people want normalcy, not people walking around their cities with expensive guns,鈥� Ms. Monyani, the researcher, says.

Last week, at another meeting in Angola, M23 agreed it would lay down its arms by Tuesday, March 7 at noon. M23 spokesman Lawrence Kanukya told Deutche Welle that the cease-fire would 鈥渙pen the way for direct dialogue with the Kinshasa government.鈥�

But the Tuesday noon deadline for the cease-fire came and went, and fighting continued. On Saturday, the Angolan government said it would send a military unit to the eastern DRC to try to shore up the cease-fire it had brokered.

But doubts persist about the efficacy of such moves.

鈥淚 haven鈥檛 seen any evidence to think the parties are coming closer to discussing鈥� the problems at the root of the crisis, such as ethnic discrimination against Congolese Tutsis, the group at the core of M23, says Delphin Ntanyoma, a visiting researcher at the Erasmus University in Rotterdam, who studies conflict in the eastern Congo. 鈥淭he current M23 is an offspring of other rebel insurgencies that claimed to defend the discriminated ethnic Tutsi,鈥� he says.

At his counseling center meanwhile, Mr. Kasali says he often hears people speak wearily of these international attempts to broker peace.

鈥淭hey will tell you, the priority of the world is not our lives,鈥� he says.