海角大神

In 1739, everything changed for Broteer Furro. The son of a wealthy chieftain in West Africa had just returned home from an apprenticeship when a raiding army attacked their village. According to historians鈥� estimates, Broteer was only 9 or 10 years old when he watched the raiders kill his father. Like more than a million others during the transatlantic slave trade, he was soon marched to the coast of present-day Ghana and sold to American slavers. Standing aboard the Charming Susanna, Broteer received a new name: Venture. As in, purchased as another man鈥檚 personal business venture.

That September, Venture set foot in the New World, and although it would be years before he was able to reclaim his freedom, he never forgot his roots. When he was in his 20s, a particularly violent master threatened to banish Venture if he and his wife, Meg, resisted the family鈥檚 abuse.

鈥淚 crossed the waters to come here,鈥� Venture replied, 鈥渁nd I am willing to cross them to return.鈥�

In 鈥淎 Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture,鈥� a 30-page memoir considered one of the greatest slave narratives in American history, Venture explains how he overcame bondage and became a widely respected businessman, freeing his entire family and acquiring more than 130 acres in Haddam Neck, Connecticut, by the end of his life. (After purchasing his freedom, Venture adopted his final slave master鈥檚 surname, Smith, because of the man鈥檚 fairness.)聽聽

Venture Smith never returned to Africa, but now his story will.

The Documenting Venture Smith Project, based in Torrington, Connecticut, in collaboration with scholars from England and Ghana, has translated Smith鈥檚 1798 narrative into Fante, one of the Akan languages spoken by roughly 2.7 million people in Ghana鈥檚 coastal regions.聽聽

Along with expanded access to Smith鈥檚 story comes a reckoning. Of the more than 900 slave voyages sponsored by Rhode Island merchants in the 17th and early 18th centuries, many of those ships, including the Charming Susanna, traded with forts along the Gold Coast. Smith鈥檚 narrative reveals not only how the institution of slavery shaped places such as Ghana and New England 鈥� pushing back on local beliefs that slavery was not important to these regions鈥� histories 鈥� but also how Middle Passage survivors demonstrated strength and resilience in the worst possible circumstances.

鈥淪lavery is not black history,鈥� says Keith W. Stokes, vice president of the 1696 Heritage Group in Newport, Rhode Island. 鈥淏lack history is how our ancestors survived and thrived despite slavery. And that鈥檚 exactly what the Venture Smith story provides 鈥� a first-person narrative of how an African boy was able to survive the Middle Passage, survive enslavement, and raise a family.鈥澛�

Lingua franca

Chandler Saint, president and co-director of the Documenting Venture Smith Project, led the translation effort. 鈥淲e don鈥檛 know what language was spoken where Venture was born,鈥� he says. 鈥淏ut what we do know is the last language Venture would have heard as he was being taken out by a canoe to the Charming Susanna would have been the Ghana canoe men speaking Fante.鈥�

Rebecca Shumway, associate professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and author of 鈥淭he Fante and the Transatlantic Slave Trade,鈥� says the slave trade brought hundreds of years of violence to the region 鈥� warfare between states, banditry, kidnapping 鈥� as well as commerce and, for some, new power. During this time, Fante spread from a relatively small area to being the main language spoken from Accra to the Ivory Coast.聽

鈥淭he Fante became sort of the ruling elite during the period of the slave trade. ... And so their language became the lingua franca of trade for the African population,鈥� she says.

When Dr. Shumway lived in Ghana in the 1990s, she noticed there was very little interest in the slave forts scattered along the coast or other relics of the trade. People were more interested in the legacy of British colonialism, which had only ended in 1957 and felt like slavery to many who remembered it. But since then, there鈥檚 been a growing reverence for these sites, due in part to the rise of heritage tourism and unprecedented access to historical data that reveals how different countries, states, and colonies participated in the transatlantic slave trade.聽

鈥淚t became possible to actually count the number of voyages and, in most cases, the number of captives aboard those voyages,鈥� says Dr. Shumway. 鈥淏efore that, everybody was just guessing.鈥�

Smith鈥檚 narrative brings those numbers to life.

鈥淚n Africa, we like telling stories a lot,鈥� says Gertrude Afiba Torto, an education lecturer at University of Cape Coast. 鈥淭he children, especially those at the lower primary level, will appreciate the lesson in their local language better because they can identify with it.鈥�

Dr. Torto hopes that Smith鈥檚 narrative will be translated into all 11 of Ghana's official languages.

An expanded history for New Englanders

Back across the Atlantic, experts agree that reconstructing the lives and stories of individuals who experienced slavery is crucial.

鈥淲e developed more information on Venture than exists probably on any other survivor of the Middle Passage,鈥� says Robert Pierce Forbes, principal historian of the Documenting Venture Smith Project. 鈥淎nd that鈥檚 in large part Venture鈥檚 doing.鈥澛�

Firmly planted in the Northeast, Smith never traveled below Long Island. So his narrative reinforces what Dr. Forbes describes as a growing recognition of the role slavery played in America鈥檚 northern colonies. Whether it鈥檚聽Brown University joining other colleges聽in acknowledging its ties to 18th-century slavers or white families聽confronting their own history, new research is helping to chip away at the notion that slavery was only a Southern phenomenon.

In the United States, as in Ghana, Smith鈥檚 narrative could serve as an invaluable educational tool, expanding the traditional view of early American history 鈥撀爏lavery, revolution, and all.聽

鈥淎 useful comparative written in the same time period as 鈥榁enture鈥� is [Benjamin] Franklin鈥檚 autobiography,鈥� says Joanne Pope Melish, author of 鈥淒isowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and 鈥楻ace鈥� in New England, 1780鈥�1860鈥� and a visiting scholar in American studies at Brown University. 鈥淔ranklin also starts out 鈥榰nfree鈥� and runs away. But as a white man, he is able to end up a famous patriot and Founding Father.鈥� Smith begins his life in the New World with no autonomy, and by his self-initiated heroic struggles ends up a successful property owner, fulfilling his American dream.聽

Yet despite efforts by the Documenting Venture Smith Project, more people know the names Brown and Franklin than Venture Smith, says Mr. Stokes.聽

鈥淭oday, the greatest challenge we face is not simply racism; it鈥檚 invisibility,鈥� he says. 鈥淲e鈥檙e still telling the story from an owner-class or white perspective. And before we have reconciliation with white organizations, you start with recognition. ... We have to start with the people, which is Venture Smith and all the African men and women who survived like him.鈥�

Editor鈥檚 note: Dr. Torto鈥檚 hope that Smith鈥檚 narrative will be translated broadly has been clarified, along with references to the Fante language.