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The rival sides in Libya鈥檚 conflict signed a permanent cease-fire Friday, a deal the United Nations billed as historic after years of fighting that has split the North African country in two. But skepticism over whether the agreement would hold began emerging almost immediately.

The breakthrough, which among other things orders foreign mercenaries out of the country within three months, sets the stage for political talks in November to find a lasting solution to the chaos unleashed after a 2011 NATO-backed uprising toppled and killed longtime dictator Moammar Gadhafi.

Previous diplomatic initiatives to end the war have repeatedly collaApsed 鈥� but the U.N.-brokered deal aims to cement a recent lull in fighting and boost the political process.

鈥淚 am honored to be among you today to witness a moment that will go down in history,鈥� said Stephanie Turco Williams, the top U.N. envoy for Libya, who led mediation talks this week in Geneva. She did, however, express some caution, noting that a 鈥渓ong and difficult鈥� road remains ahead.

It鈥檚 not clear how the cease-fire will be enforced 鈥� given the patchwork of militias in Libya 鈥� but Ms. Williams said armed groups and military units had agreed to return 鈥渢o their camps鈥� and that the deal would take effect immediately.

Foreign mercenaries will depart 鈥渇rom all Libyan territories land, air, and sea鈥� within three months, she added, referring to the thousands of Syrian fighters deployed by Turkey and Russia on opposite sides of the war. The agreement also involved the formation of a joint military force and a mechanism to monitor violations, Ms. Williams said, and will be sent to the U.N. Security Council.

But shortly after the announcement of the deal, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan said it did not appear to be credible 鈥� even as he expressed hope that all parties would stick to it.

Speaking after Friday prayers in Istanbul, Mr. Erdogan said the cease-fire decision did not come from top officials but from lower-level ones.

鈥淭ime will show how long it will last,鈥� he added.

Following Libya鈥檚 descent into chaos, a U.N.-recognized government holds sway in the capital, Tripoli, in western Libya, while the forces of military commander Khalifa Hifter run most of the east and south. Turkey is the main patron of the Tripoli government, while the United Arab Emirates, Russia, and Egypt back Mr. Hifter. Both sides are also supported by an array of fractious militias, though the administrations often struggle to control them. In much of the country, heavily armed militias hold sway and have repeatedly undermined cease-fire attempts.

Ali Abushahma, a field commander for the administration in Tripoli and the head of its delegation, said, 鈥淲e have had enough suffering, enough bloodshed.鈥�

鈥淚 appeal to all Libya: Be one hand,鈥� he said, warning of polarization by factions.

Meanwhile, Amraja Alamami, the head of Mr. Hifter鈥檚 delegation, pledged in a short speech to 鈥渋mplement what had been agreed upon in Geneva.鈥�

The meetings this week mark the fourth round of talks involving the Joint Military Commission under Ms. Williams鈥� watch. The Geneva-based talks come ahead of a political forum in Tunisia in November. That forum aims to 鈥済enerate consensus on a unified governance framework and arrangements that will lead to the holding of national elections,鈥� the U.N. mission said.

Friday鈥檚 deal follows a series of breakthroughs since fighting came to a halt in June, when Mr. Hifter鈥檚 14-month campaign to capture Tripoli collapsed.

International pressure has been building on the parties to avert a battle over the strategic city of Sirte, the gateway to Libya鈥檚 major oil export terminals. This fall, Mr. Hifter and allied eastern tribes announced the end of a blockade of Libya鈥檚 oil facilities, initially imposed to protest alleged corruption in the oil sector and unfair distribution of revenues to the east. Last month, the two sides reached preliminary agreements to exchange prisoners and open up air and land transit across the country鈥檚 divided territory,

On Friday, Ms. Williams said that a passenger plane flew from Tripoli to Benghazi for the first time in months, paving the way for a regular flights between eastern and western Libya. In another sign of progress, she said the key oil ports of Ras Lanuf and al-Sidr would soon resume production. Libya鈥檚 prized light crude has long been a key factor in the country鈥檚 civil war, with rival militias and foreign powers jostling for control of Africa鈥檚 largest oil reserves.

To maintain the cease-fire, the two sides agreed to establish a 鈥渏oint police operations room鈥� that will help secure areas following the withdrawal of armed groups. The rivals also agreed to form a 鈥渏oint limited military force鈥� of personnel who report to the U.N.鈥檚 Joint Military Commission.

This story was reported by The Associated Press.聽DeBre reported from Dubai, United Arab Emirates. AP writer Zeynep Bilginsoy contributed from Istanbul.