海角大神

The anti-government protests that have convulsed Sudan over the past three months are, in many ways, a revolution told in chants.

鈥淛ust fall, that鈥檚 all,鈥� goes the movement鈥檚 most popular slogan, directed at the 30-year-long regime of President Omar al-Bashir. It鈥檚 become a kind of refrain during the hundreds of demonstrations that have taken place since protesters first began pouring into the streets in December, as their initial anger over the rapidly rising cost of basic commodities morphed into a full-on call for regime change.

鈥淩evolution is the people鈥檚 choice,鈥� demonstrators have called into the dusty streets of Khartoum, Port Sudan, Wad Madani, and dozens of other cities.

鈥淔reedom, peace, and justice!鈥� students have yelled as they poured out of university gates.听

But in recent weeks, these chants have been joined by another refrain, this one directed at a group of demonstrators who have been, for many, the movement鈥檚 heartbeat. 听

鈥淵ou women, be strong,鈥� activists have chanted at several protests. 鈥淭his revolution is a women鈥檚 revolution.鈥�

What makes it a women鈥檚 revolution, many here say, is the heavy participation of women 鈥� over half the demonstrators at many protests are women 鈥� but also their fierce urgency in ousting the president. Since Mr. Bashir came to power in a 1989 coup, few groups of Sudanese have suffered as visibly as women under his rule. And now, there seem to be few groups who want to see him gone quite as much.听

鈥淧eople have been saying how excited they are to see women in the streets, but personally it doesn鈥檛 surprise me at all to see women at the forefront of these protests, because we have been the main casualties of this regime,鈥� says Alaa Satir, a cartoonist and demonstrator in the Sudanese capital, Khartoum. 鈥淥ur repression has been one of its main features.鈥澨�

鈥楢 tool for repression鈥櫶�

The protesters are taking Mr. Bashir鈥檚 regime to task for a wide range of failings, from a collapsing economy to a seemingly never-ending civil war in the region of Darfur. But for women, there is an added complaint.听

Over the last three decades, Mr. Bashir has pushed a fundamentalist version of Islam 鈥� one at odds, many here say, with the religious tolerance of Sudanese society. And many of the laws he passed, they add, have made women鈥檚 bodies a battleground.听

Today, Sudanese women are required to receive permission from male guardians to travel or work outside the home. And the country鈥檚 鈥減ublic order鈥� laws, supposedly designed to protect the country鈥檚 morality, are used primarily to harass women for crimes like wearing pants or failing to cover their heads.听听

鈥淭hey鈥檙e a tool for repression, rather than a reflection of what the society really thinks,鈥� says Jehanne Henry, an associate director in Human Rights Watch鈥檚 Africa division who has conducted extensive research in Sudan.

Although the laws are applied extremely inconsistently, the result, for many Sudanese women, is a feeling that their very existence has been criminalized. 听

鈥淭here鈥檚 a stereotype that Sudanese women are docile, that they stay at home, that they don鈥檛 participate in public life,鈥� says听Mayada Hassanain, a researcher and activist in Khartoum. 鈥淭hat has never been true. For as long as women have been on the receiving end of these really horrible laws, they have been fighting back. It isn鈥檛 something new.鈥澨�

The Sudanese woman, reimagined听

Activists, mostly women, have a long history of protesting the public order laws, for instance. And women in Sudan led anti-colonial uprisings and played a key role in every popular uprising since. Women鈥檚 movements in Sudan won women the right to vote, the right to equal pay, and the right to maternity leave 鈥� often decades before other countries in the region.听

More recently, women have been key participants in the waves of protests that have roiled Sudan since 2011, calling for Mr. Bashir to step down.听

In the past, activists say, the prominent role played by women faded from memory after the demonstrations ended. 听

But this time, things are different. For one thing, these marches have continued far longer than any movements before them, making them harder to ignore. And they have been obsessively documented.听听

鈥淪ocial media has made it really difficult to shy away from the reality of women鈥檚 participation,鈥� says Asma Ahmed, an activist in Khartoum. Since the demonstrations began, they have been recorded mostly by activists themselves, whose cell phone videos of protests have served as sources of both news and inspiration for fellow Sudanese. Sudanese scrolling through their social media are now subjected to a daily deluge of protest videos, many of them showing women leading chants, confronting authorities, or being herded into police vans.听

鈥淲e literally have new pictures of what a Sudanese woman looks like, how she acts, how she faces down tear gas,鈥� says Ms. Ahmed. 鈥淭hese scenes of courage are going viral, and I think they鈥檙e really changing people鈥檚 minds.鈥澨�

Ms. Satir, the cartoonist, began drawing images of women protesters with their fists raised shortly after the demonstrations began, in part, she says, to remind people of women鈥檚 presence.听

鈥淎t the time, you were hearing chants at demonstrations calling Mr. Bashir weak by comparing him to a woman,鈥� Ms. Satir says. But as she and others pushed back, calling out male demonstrators on social media, something surprising happened. The sexist chants began to recede. 听听

鈥淵ou鈥檙e seeing people deciding in the midst of the struggle exactly what kind of change they鈥檙e aspiring to, and trying to live out the kind of Sudan they want to see in the future,鈥� says Ms.听Hassanain. 鈥淎nd it鈥檚 working.鈥澨�听

So far, the protest movement has no unified goals beyond forcing Mr. Bashir out of office. And many worry that the unity shown by demonstrators so far 鈥� including the unity among different groups of women 鈥� may not hold after he is gone. 听听

鈥淏ut whatever happens next,鈥� says Ms. Hassanain, 鈥淚 think the people who take power will know that they have to contend with a group of people who have already decided it鈥檚 not going to be business as usual for women in this country anymore.鈥�