海角大神

The wildfire that menaced the city of Wenatchee in central Washington three years ago delivered its destruction in less than a day. The Sleepy Hollow fire burned 3,000 acres and gutted more than 30 houses and businesses, forcing hundreds of residents to flee the town that bears the moniker 鈥淎pple Capital of the World.鈥�

Later that summer, some 40 miles north near the resort town of Chelan, three fires merged into one and wrought devastation over a six-week period. The Chelan Complex fire scorched 90,000 acres and 85 homes, causing more than 1,600 people to evacuate an area best known for boasting the state鈥檚 largest natural lake.

In the aftermath, as both communities realized that only fate and firefighters averted a wider cataclysm, a new approach to land use planning sprouted from the charred landscape. The response could serve as an example to cities and counties in California, where fires this year have torched 1.1 million acres and thousands of structures, following the $12 billion in losses inflicted by fires in 2017.

The Sleepy Hollow and Chelan Complex blazes demolished the kind of magical thinking that persuades communities ravaged by wildfires across the West to rebuild and even expand with apparent disregard for future calamities.

Residents in Wenatchee and Chelan instead advocated for stronger fire prevention measures, and within months, officials in both towns enlisted the help of Community Planning Assistance for Wildfire (CPAW). The national program, funded by the US Forest Service and private foundations, has provided support to more than two dozen cities to devise land use policies that lower wildfire risks, including San Diego and Mammoth Lakes, Calif.

Much of the work involves taming residential, commercial, and industrial growth in the wildland-urban interface (WUI), areas where development meets nature and where the potential for fire runs highest. Between 1990 and 2010, the number of new homes built within or bordering wildlands nationwide soared by 12.6 million to more than 43 million. During the same span, the WUI swelled by 47 million acres to 190 million acres, or about 10 percent of the continental United States.

The efforts of Wenatchee and Chelan to corral growth yielded an added benefit. Officials in Chelan County, which includes both cities, consulted with CPAW to discuss adopting a land use code to regulate wildfire building and safety standards across the entire county. The ripple effect shows the need for urgency after flames are doused, explains Mike Burnett, a district fire chief with the county.

鈥淲hen there鈥檚 a disaster or close call that brings the awareness of fire danger right to the forefront of people鈥檚 minds, you have to capture the momentum if you want change to happen,鈥� he says. 鈥淚f you wait, memories fade, attention spans shrink, and communities remain at greater risk.鈥�

鈥楢 teachable moment鈥�

A light rainfall on the morning after the Sleepy Hollow fire began aided firefighters and spared Wenatchee further ruin. Paul Hessburg, a research landscape ecologist with the Forest Service and wildfire expert who lives in the town of 34,000 people, recalls the sense of relief and disbelief among residents at nature鈥檚 sudden turn of kindness.

鈥淲e just got lucky. We weren鈥檛 clever,鈥� says Mr. Hessburg, who travels the country giving a TED-style lecture called 鈥淭he Era of Megafires鈥� that explores fire in the age of climate change. 鈥淧eople understood that, so they came to the table wanting to talk about what could be done.鈥�

Wenatchee adopted a WUI code in 2011 that imposed restrictions on housing in undeveloped areas bordering natural vegetation. But the guidelines applied only to new homes, and the Sleepy Hollow blaze incinerated older houses along the city鈥檚 edge that lacked fire-resistant roofs, eaves, and exterior walls. High winds carried embers from burning homes that ignited fruit-packing warehouses in downtown more than a mile away.

The fire鈥檚 behavior exposed flaws in Wenatchee鈥檚 readiness strategy, and residents voiced strong support for upgrading policies to prevent a recurrence. Officials worked with CPAW to fortify the WUI code for existing and new housing, create a wildfire risk map, and integrate wildfire safety measures into the city鈥檚 comprehensive plan.

鈥淭he fire was a teachable moment, and it was evident we needed to do some things differently,鈥� Mr. Burnett says. 鈥淲e owed that to the community, and they wanted to know what could be done.鈥�

The Sleepy Hollow blaze occurred near the start of Washington鈥檚 largest wildfire season on record. The聽Chelan Complex fire arrived six weeks later, and alarmed by its swath of destruction, residents urged city planners to curb future housing projects on a 2,000-foot-tall butte that looms above Chelan.

The lakeside town of 4,000 people relies on tourism to power its economy. Many feared that allowing developers to build high-density housing above the butte鈥檚 base would amount to inviting a wildfire to sweep down its face and into the city to level neighborhoods and the historic downtown.

Local officials sought CPAW鈥檚 guidance to establish a WUI code and wildfire protection plan to manage growth in vulnerable areas, and reacting to public concerns about increased fire risk, they nixed proposals for large-scale developments on the butte鈥檚 slope. Craig Gildroy, Chelan鈥檚 planning director, views the 2015 inferno as the firebreak between old and new attitudes on land use.

鈥淧eople typically don鈥檛 want things to change and they don鈥檛 want the government telling them what to do,鈥� he says. 鈥淪o anytime you propose stricter regulations, you get pushback. But that didn鈥檛 happen this time. The fire was an eye-opener, and people want to protect the city.鈥�

An ever-present risk

Wenatchee and Chelan lie in river valleys near the eastern foothills of the Cascade Range. The geography traps smoke from wildfires, and as several blazes burn across central Washington and the rest of the state this summer, ash smudges the skies above Chelan County.

Burnett has joined crews responding to a fire on national forestland northwest of Wenatchee that began July 28 with a lightning strike and since has blackened almost 40,000 acres. The haze offers acrid, inescapable evidence to residents of the proximity of the peril.

鈥淲e鈥檝e had days this month where the visibility has been as low as a quarter-mile,鈥� he says. 鈥淪o even if people don鈥檛 have fresh memories of flames coming into the city, they鈥檙e always well aware we鈥檙e in a fire-prone area.鈥�

The ubiquitous specter of fire, coupled with Wenatchee and Chelan working on WUI policies, prodded Chelan County officials to collaborate with CPAW advisers on conceiving a similar code for the county. The measure could restrict housing density in the interface, establish natural buffers between development and wilderness, and provide developers with a uniform set of wildfire building standards.

Molly Mowery, founder of Wildfire Planning International, a policy consulting firm based in Colorado, has assisted the county and both cities for CPAW. She describes the county鈥檚 entry into the program as essential to reducing the area鈥檚 wildfire risk by extending safety practices outside Wenatchee and Chelan.

鈥淭his process isn鈥檛 sexy and there isn鈥檛 a 鈥榳ow鈥� solution,鈥� she says. 鈥淏ut the county鈥檚 willingness to work with the cities and come up with a WUI code can have an impact on more people.鈥�

Wildfire poses a threat to an estimated 6.7 million homes in the West, and federal agencies spent almost $3 billion fighting blazes last year. Yet compared with suppression efforts, little coordination exists within or between states on prevention planning, and while a national strategy for managing wildfires remains in limbo, local officials are left to heed their own instincts on growth.

California鈥檚 surging population in remote areas and limits on prescribed burns compound its wildfire crisis, and the state lacks a growth management law akin to Washington鈥檚 that requires cities and counties to adhere to land use guidelines. As climate change magnifies the number and intensity of wildfires, Hessburg suggests that the progress in Chelan County shows communities can find a path through the smoke.

鈥淭hese fires are something we take absolutely seriously because they hit close to home,鈥� he says. 鈥淲e鈥檙e in a new era. We need to get real about the danger.鈥�