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The Trump campaign has turned its focus on trying to delay or block certification of results in key battleground states, after largely striking out in its lawsuits alleging election irregularities amid a spike in mail-in voting this year.

The first deadline came today in Michigan, where the bipartisan State Board of Canvassers certified election results after a week of partisan tension and state lawmakers鈥� trip to the White House. Joe Biden won the state by a margin of 154,188 votes.

Republicans in the state, including Republican National Committee chairwoman Ronna McDaniel, had urged a 14-day delay, citing irregularities based in substantial part on an affidavit that a judge had determined was not credible.

Norman Shinkle, one of two Republicans on the four-member Board of Canvassers and a Trump supporter who sang the national anthem at one of the president鈥檚 rallies last month, had indicated in advance he might vote to delay certification.

President Donald Trump鈥檚 outreach to Michigan election officials and lawmakers raised concerns of improper pressure and put a spotlight on what would normally be an obscure, routine meeting. This weekend he tweeted, "Hopefully the Courts and/or Legislatures will have ...聽the COURAGE to do what has to be done to maintain the integrity of our Elections,鈥� a reference to the role state legislatures could theoretically play in overturning their state鈥檚 results.聽

Legal scholars describe Mr. Trump鈥檚 actions as an unprecedented effort by an incumbent president to influence the electoral process. In two other disputed elections 鈥� the election of 1800, when Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied, and 1876, when Samuel Tilden won the popular vote but Congress intervened and declared Rutherford B. Hayes the winner amid widespread intimidation of African American voters in the South 鈥� the incumbent at the time (John Adams and Ulysses S. Grant, respectively) did not intervene on behalf of one side. 聽

鈥淭o my knowledge, there is no historical precedent for the current moment,鈥� says Edward Foley, a constitutional law professor at Ohio State University, who laid out a 2020 disputed election scenario in a聽Loyola University Chicago Law Journal article聽last winter, in which he envisioned President Trump attempting to press a Republican-controlled Congress to decide the election in his favor, similar to the Hayes-Tilden election.

The margins of Mr. Biden鈥檚 victory are so significant that Professor Foley now thinks it鈥檚 highly unlikely such a scenario will take place, but he admits Mr. Trump has gotten more 鈥渞unning room鈥� than he thought would be possible with such numbers. 鈥淚鈥檓 still surprised at how semi-successful, if you will, he is in making this sort of seem like Hayes-Tilden when it鈥檚 not as close,鈥� he says.

More than 32,000 people logged into Monday鈥檚 livestream of the Michigan state canvassing board, and hundreds of people submitted a request ahead of time to speak. Among them were numerous election clerks imploring the board to certify the results. They said they and their staffs had worked long hours for months to hold a successful election amid a pandemic.

鈥淭o be in this position is definitely putting our democracy to the test,鈥� says Tammy Patrick, who worked for 11 years in the elections department of Arizona鈥檚 Maricopa County and now serves as senior adviser to the elections team at the Democracy Fund in Washington, D.C. 鈥淲e knew that it would be tested in a global pandemic, but most people expected the test would be in voter turnout and participation 鈥� not whether their validly cast votes would be considered legitimate.鈥�

After several hours of discussion, the four-member Michigan State Board of Canvassers voted 3-0 to certify the election, with Mr. Shinkle abstaining. Meanwhile, Pennsylvania Republicans have sued to block certification of their election results, which the state鈥檚 counties were required to provide today, followed by Democratic Secretary of State Kathy Boockvar鈥檚 certification in the coming days.

The plaintiffs argued that the state legislature鈥檚 move to dramatically expand absentee voting contravened the state constitution and resulted in illegal votes. If such votes could not be tossed out prior to certification, they recommended that the GOP-run state legislature should select Pennsylvania鈥檚 electors 鈥� a scenario Mr. Trump has been talking about since September, which could potentially circumvent the popular will.

With a more than 80,000-vote margin of victory for Mr. Biden in Pennsylvania, such a scenario is seen as unlikely to succeed.

If Mr. Biden is certified the winner in Michigan and Pennsylvania by Dec. 8 and the Electoral College electors reflect the popular vote in their respective states, Mr. Trump would not be able to win even if Arizona, Nevada, and Wisconsin, all of which have been called for Mr. Biden, were decided in the president鈥檚 favor.

鈥淸Trump and his campaign] are pretty quickly running out of cards to play,鈥� says Keith Whittington, a professor of politics at Princeton University. Their litigation 鈥渉as been so fruitless, and thrown out of court so easily, it really tears away any fig leaf for further delaying the process.鈥�

All eyes on Wayne County

The push to delay certification in Michigan revolved largely around Wayne County, which includes the predominantly Black city of Detroit.

Republican Senate candidate John James, an African American combat veteran who lost to Democratic Sen. Gary Peters by some 93,000 votes, alleged that about 70% of Detroit鈥檚 absentee counting boards were out of balance 鈥撀爉eaning the number of votes counted didn鈥檛 match the number of ballots cast. The聽filing聽says this affected 鈥渞oughly 400 votes out of nearly 250,000 cast鈥� and cited an聽affidavit from聽an IT contractor that a judge聽determined聽was 鈥渘ot credible.鈥�

The Voter Protection Program said only 28% of Detroit鈥檚 total precincts were unbalanced 鈥� about half the rate seen in 2016 鈥� and said the total number of votes affected was about 450 out of 872,469 鈥� or about .05 percent of Wayne County鈥檚 total vote.

In a marathon meeting last week, the Republicans on Wayne County鈥檚 board of canvassers first voted not to certify the results, but then relented when, after being berated during a public comment session as racist, a Democratic member of the board offered support for an audit in exchange for them voting to certify. They agreed, but the following day signed affidavits seeking to restore their 鈥渘o鈥� votes, saying their trust had been breached. (This is not possible under Michigan state law.)

President Trump reportedly called at least one of the Republican members of the Wayne County board of canvassers after last week鈥檚 meeting 鈥� Monica Palmer, who said she and her family had received threats and described the president鈥檚 call as expressing concern for her security. On Friday, Mr. Trump hosted the GOP leaders of Michigan鈥檚 state legislature in Washington.

In a Nov. 21 letter,聽Ms. McDaniel, the RNC chairwoman, and Michigan state GOP chairwoman Laura Cox had requested a 14-day delay for an audit, arguing that step would allow "all Michiganders to have confidence in the results."

Michigan state officials and legal experts say state law requires the Board of Canvassers to certify before an audit can take place. They note that the board serves in a 鈥渕inisterial鈥� capacity, meaning it is required by law to certify the election according to the votes certified by counties, and has no investigative powers. An 1887聽Michigan court ruling聽held that the board was not a judicial or quasi judicial body and did not have any means or right to 鈥渋nquire beyond the returns of the local election boards.鈥�

The wild card in Michigan鈥檚 state Board of Canvassers meeting today was Republican member Aaron Van Langevelde, an attorney who works for the GOP caucus in the statehouse. House Speaker Lee Chatfield rattled many Democrats when he told Fox News after coming back from the White House this weekend that if the board delayed certification, it could set off a series of events that could end with GOP legislators appointing a rival slate of electors instead of those who would honor the vote. With Mr. Shinkle having weighed in against certification, all eyes were on Mr. Van Langevelde.聽

Early in the meeting, he asked Christopher Thomas, a senior adviser to the Detroit elections staff who is widely respected, to confirm that the board is not a court and does not wield judicial power. Mr. Thomas confirmed that characterization, stating unequivocally that the board had no standing to decide legal or constitutional questions. Some speculated that the young GOP member was seeking cover for certifying the result amid the unusual political pressure.聽

鈥淚 cannot remember another example of any election where there was ... partisan strong-arming of officials in the certification process,鈥� says Ms. Patrick, who worked as a聽federal compliance officer for Arizona鈥檚 Maricopa County Elections Department.聽

Between now and Dec. 1, three additional battleground states must certify their results: Arizona, Nevada, and Wisconsin. If any state misses the Dec. 8 鈥渟afe harbor鈥� deadline for certifying their results, that could potentially jeopardize their slate of electors.聽

Election officials take oath seriously

But Ms. Patrick says she doesn鈥檛 think Mr. Trump鈥檚 pressure campaign will work, in part because every election official has taken an oath to uphold the Constitution of the United States.聽

鈥淚t鈥檚 important for readers to know that the vast majority of individuals who swear that oath believe in it and will strongly defend it,鈥� she says. 鈥淎nybody that puts party or personality before country or that oath is a real problem. I think that is at the heart of what will be an issue for our country moving forward.鈥�

On Jan. 6, Vice President Mike Pence, in his capacity as president of the Senate, will receive each elector鈥檚 vote for president. If GOP-run state legislatures were to submit a rival slate, it would fall to Congress to determine which one to accept.聽

Rick Esenberg, a constitutional law scholar and聽founder of the The Wisconsin Institute for Law & Liberty, a conservative public interest law firm, says he doesn鈥檛 see any basis for Republican legislators to make such a move. Speaking of Wisconsin legislators, he says, 鈥淭hey鈥檙e not going to vote to disenfranchise the entire state. And even if they did vote to do that, the [Democratic] governor isn鈥檛 going to go along with that.鈥澛�

He says the current legal challenges and political maneuvers are 鈥渁 side show鈥� and will be over soon, brushing off concerns that this could inflict long-lasting damage to the country.聽

鈥淭he American republic is made of sterner stuff,鈥� he says.聽