海角大神

As thousands of people gathered in Richmond, Virginia, on Wednesday around a heavily graffitied Robert E. Lee statue to protest racism and police brutality, some in the crowd worried that not everyone was there for the right reasons.

鈥淚 heard it鈥檚 not all Richmond people here,鈥� says Ikeisha, who asks that her last name not be used because she skipped work to join the demonstrators. Sitting on a blanket with her 8-year-old son, who is shirtless in the hot sun and licking Cheetos crumbs off his fingers, she adds: 鈥淧eople are blowing our stuff up, and then they just go to their home.鈥�

Many of the mass protests that have swept across the country, ignited by the death of George Floyd under a policeman鈥檚 knee in Minneapolis last week, have been peaceful. But in various cities and locales, they鈥檝e been accompanied by looting and destruction that has raised questions about whether so-called outside agitators are seeking to exploit the demonstrations for their own interests.

Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey, along with his St. Paul counterpart and the state鈥檚 governor, initially said his city鈥檚 provocateurs were largely from outside the Twin Cities, but later admitted that was wishful thinking after data showed the vast majority of those arrested were from the area.

But figuring out where those causing the destruction come from is just part of the equation. Discerning whether they share the core protesters鈥� desire for racial justice is more difficult. Given the organic, volatile nature of the unrest, it鈥檚 difficult to neatly categorize participants. As for extremist actors, they are showing up in small numbers and don鈥檛 appear to be a main driver of events on the ground, but their online rhetoric about capitalizing on the chaos is worrying.

鈥淲hen you have something this catalytic, you鈥檙e also going to attract thrill-seekers, accelerationists, and thieves who steal things,鈥� says Brian Levin, director of the聽Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism at California State University in San Bernardino.

Some looters appear to be acting in defiance, driven by anger and frustration over racial injustice and economic woes 鈥撀爄ncluding the 40 million unemployed due to COVID-19 shutdowns, which have disproportionately affected minorities. Others, like those in wealthy Santa Monica, California, appear to be purely opportunistic.

President Trump has blamed antifa, the far-left amorphous movement known to use aggressive and sometimes violent tactics in the name of fighting fascism. Right-wing militias and several white supremacist groups have also showed up, including 鈥渁ccelerationists,鈥� who seek to hasten what they believe to be an impending race war.

Boogaloo, an emerging right-wing movement of armed individuals that is virulently anti-government and anti-police and anticipates civil war, appears to be building on their momentum from lockdown protests this spring.聽The group had 125 Facebook pages as of late April, 60 percent of which were formed between February and April, according to the Tech Transparency Project. The Justice Department announced Wednesday that three men who were members of the Nevada Boogaloo Facebook group have been charged in federal court with 鈥渃onspiracy to cause destruction鈥� in Las Vegas protests over the weekend, the Las Vegas Review Journal reported.

鈥淲hat these extremists would like to do is screw up these demonstrations and make it seem like it鈥檚 just violence and destruction of property 鈥� and blame it on minority communities,鈥� says Carolyn Petrosino, professor emeritus of criminal justice at Bridgewater State University in Massachusetts, where she has taught a course on hate crimes for decades. 鈥淚t helps their agenda.鈥�

The fragmentation of fringe and extremist groups

The extremist landscape has become increasingly fragmented over the past decade, says Professor Levin.

鈥淕eneral extremism is a carnival mirror reflection of debates and conflicts that are going on in the mainstream,鈥� he explains. 鈥淏ut when that becomes a cracked carnival mirror, the fringe does the same thing.鈥�

He attributes the diversification of extremist movements to tectonic shifts in politics, economics, and demographics, as the U.S. approaches the point where whites will no longer be the majority. The stoking of righteous anger across the political spectrum has exacerbated frictions, and the pandemic is an added stressor.

So far, these extremist actors appear to be just a small percentage of the people showing up to protest across the country.

鈥淲e聽have not seen a large-scale effort by domestic extremists to either organize or infiltrate en masse among these protests and try to exploit them,鈥� says Alex Friedfeld, an investigative researcher at the Anti-Defamation League鈥檚 Center on Extremism, which published a聽round-up聽of such actors鈥� limited involvement in protests to date.

But online, he says, it鈥檚 a different story. White supremacists are gung-ho about the unrest, hoping that this will lead to the race war they鈥檝e been waiting for. Some have suggested shooting cops amid the mayhem of the protests, and then blaming it on the crowd.

鈥淭hey鈥檙e trying to stoke those racial fears, in order to spread their message and garner new recruits,鈥� says Mr. Friedfeld, who formerly served as an intelligence research specialist for the New York City Police Department.

Russia exploiting, but not stoking protests

Then there鈥檚 speculation that Russia, which has a long history of exploiting racial injustice in America to undermine its standing on the world stage, may have a hand in the unrest.

In the 2016 election cycle, two-thirds聽of Russian activity on Facebook and other social media platforms seeking to influence the election was aimed at black Americans, according to a Senate Intelligence Committee report. Facebook advertisements paid for by Russia sought to stir emotions after police shootings of black victims, while pages such as 鈥淏lacktivist鈥� garnered millions of 鈥渓ikes,鈥� shares, and comments. On YouTube, meanwhile, 96% of content created by a Kremlin-linked troll farm focused on race and police brutality, as the Monitor聽previously reported.聽

But experts in disinformation, the spread of misleading information with the deliberate intent to deceive, say that while the current unrest gives Moscow and other adversaries great fodder for undermining U.S. credibility, there鈥檚 no evidence it鈥檚 driving the demonstrations.聽聽

鈥淭he Russians, Chinese, and Iranians are using this to basically win a global narrative battle,鈥� says Bret Schafer, media and digital disinformation fellow at the German Marshall Fund鈥檚 Alliance for Securing Democracy in Washington, D.C. 鈥淏ut there鈥檚 zero evidence they鈥檙e having any impact whatsoever on the protesters themselves.鈥�

At a time when America has been highly critical of China鈥檚 treatment of pro-democracy protesters in Hong Kong, Beijing has taken aim at Mr. Trump鈥檚 attitude toward demonstrators. After Minneapolis erupted in violence, the president denounced 鈥渢hugs鈥� for dishonoring George Floyd鈥檚 name and vowed to crack down, using a phrase with historical connotations of deadly police force.

鈥淚 think people need to be extremely cautious about assigning blame to a foreign adversary because I think it can often be used to delegitimize what is a legitimate movement,鈥� says Mr. Schafer. 鈥淚t directs attention to their behavior rather than shining a light internally on our own failings.鈥�

Rioting is 鈥榯he language of the unheard鈥�

Back in Richmond, the sweaty crowd erupts in cheers as someone with a megaphone says: 鈥淭hey don鈥檛 label us as protesters, they label us as troublemakers. But I don鈥檛 mind being a troublemaker.鈥�

Tony Davidson, an African American YMCA youth counselor in attendance, quotes Martin Luther King, Jr. as saying that a riot is 鈥渢he language of the unheard.鈥�

Even as the civil rights leader advocated for non-violence, he also聽said, 鈥淐ertain conditions continue to exist in our society which must be condemned as vigorously as we condemn riots.鈥�

For far too long, racial injustice has been invisible to white people, says Professor Petrosino, who is African American. While looting is terrible, she adds, the greater harm is when people鈥檚 ability to feel safe, secure, and wanted in their own country has been 鈥渢rashed.鈥�

鈥淭his is why these kids are marching,鈥� she says, referring to young African Americans, whom she credits with understanding that rioting will be counterproductive. 鈥淭hey know that destroying property is not the way 鈥撀營 think that lesson has been learned.鈥�

More cheers go up from the Richmond crowd as word gets around that the mayor will put forward a new ordinance on Thursday to remove Confederate statues from the city. (Gov. Ralph Northam announced Thursday that the Robert E. Lee statue would be taken down as soon as possible.)

Ikeisha, sitting in the back of the crowd with her son, says she opposes the violence that has broken out in some cities. But she is thrilled with the extent to which protests have swept the nation, with greater numbers than have been seen since the 1960s.

鈥淚鈥檝e never seen anything like this,鈥� she says. 鈥淢artin Luther King would be doing jumping jacks in his grave right now. I鈥檓 headed to see my grandmother soon. I can鈥檛 wait to tell her about everything that鈥檚 going on.鈥澛�