海角大神

鈥淚 alone can fix it,鈥� Donald Trump famously asserted at the 2016 Republican National Convention, referring to 鈥渢he system.鈥澛�

The arena erupted in cheers. Today, amid a national crisis, the script has flipped. In key ways President Trump has deferred to governors, and hesitated to use the powers at his disposal 鈥� both formal and informal.聽

The moment is laden with irony. Since taking office, Mr. Trump鈥檚 critics have called him a wannabe autocrat as he blew through norms and pushed the boundaries of the Constitution鈥檚 checks and balances.聽

Now, at a time when a president might be expected to use executive authority to the max, these same critics want him to be more autocratic. Call for a national lockdown, some say. Order the production and acquisition of medical supplies, New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo pleaded to the president, as the state faces a surge of coronavirus cases.

But the answer isn鈥檛 so simple.聽

Taking centralized control of pandemic response is 鈥渁n invitation to concentrate not just the power of the White House, but also increase the likelihood of abuses and inefficiencies,鈥� says Jonathan Turley, a constitutional scholar at The George Washington University Law School.聽

[Editor鈥檚 note: As a public service,聽all our coronavirus coverage聽is free. No paywall.]

Patchwork response

Each state has its own 鈥減andemic profile,鈥� he notes 鈥� including density of population, topography, and climate 鈥� and that means state and local authorities are better equipped to understand local needs.聽

What about a nationwide lockdown, as announced this week in the United Kingdom and even India, with its 1.3 billion people?

鈥淭hat gets into a gray area. The president can鈥檛 even suspend habeas corpus without approval of Congress,鈥� says Professor Turley, referring to the constitutional right against illegal confinement. 鈥淪o if you鈥檙e going to have a true quarantine, you鈥檇 need enhanced federal police powers.鈥�

But the president does have the bully pulpit. He could urge all Americans to stay home, and pressure聽governors and mayors聽to issue curfews or 鈥渟helter in place鈥� orders. Mr. Trump鈥檚 declaration of a 鈥渘ational emergency,鈥� announced March 13, frees up federal resources to address the crisis, not command action from the populace. Ditto his聽activation聽Sunday of the National Guard for the three most-affected states, which he stressed does not mean an imposition of martial law.聽聽

On Tuesday, the Trump administration triggered the Defense Production Act for the first time to help states access virus testing kits and face masks. But some states are begging for more sweeping action, on the order of President Franklin Roosevelt鈥檚 use of private industry during World War II.聽

States have also been begging for help in preventing bidding wars for supplies, such as N95 masks, that have driven up costs in some cases eight-fold. On Monday, Mr. Trump signed an executive order aimed at preventing price gouging and hoarding of critical supplies.聽聽

Former Defense Secretary Leon Panetta argues that strong, centralized leadership is essential at this critical moment.聽

鈥淚 find it difficult to understand why someone who calls himself a wartime president was not prepared to fully mobilize the entire country in order to confront this crisis,鈥� says Mr. Panetta, who served under President Barack Obama. 鈥淭here鈥檚 no question we鈥檝e had mixed messages coming from Washington.鈥�

Indeed, President Trump is already looking to ease guidelines on social distancing in a matter of weeks, not months, in defiance of public health experts. His goal: to rescue the economy.聽

鈥淲e cannot let the cure be worse than the problem itself,鈥� Mr. Trump has said.聽

Governors expressed alarm over his call Tuesday to 鈥渙pen up鈥� the country by Easter on April 12. Though under the 10th Amendment, it is states that have the power to lift restrictions on people鈥檚 activities, not the federal government.聽

At heart, COVID-19 has profoundly tested America鈥檚 multi-tiered system of governance, and surfaced different models of leadership. Assertive, proactive governors, such as Mr. Cuomo and Mike DeWine of Ohio, are earning plaudits, while Ron DeSantis of Florida has faced criticism for resisting a statewide shutdown. Though he did order a 14-day quarantine for those flying into the state from New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut.聽

Governor Cuomo is a Democrat and Governors DeWine and DeSantis are Republicans. But party is irrelevant in assessments of leadership skill. What matters most are key qualities and principles, experts say: clarity, foresight, empathy, managing expectations, and 鈥� maybe most important 鈥� ability to adapt.聽

鈥淟eadership is situational, but some things are inviolate,鈥� says retired Lt. Gen. Nadja West, former commanding general of the U.S. Army Medical Command, now at the Harvard Kennedy School鈥檚 Center for Public Leadership. 鈥淒uring good times, you have to establish trust, then it鈥檚 easier to ask people to do things when there鈥檚 a crisis.鈥澛�

General West also stresses that important information and good ideas can come from anyone on the team, and can help the leader 鈥渟ee around corners.鈥� Several years ago, she heard of a potential medical threat in West Africa, and took her information to then-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Martin Dempsey.聽

It proved to be the early days of the Ebola outbreak. General Dempsey put together a task force, and when President Obama asked what could be done, the joint chiefs chairman was ready to respond.聽

The Army defines leadership, General West says, as 鈥渢he process of influencing people by providing direction and motivation to accomplish the mission and improve the organization. That means anyone can be a leader.鈥�

Matilda鈥檚 Law

Of all the leaders who have come to prominence in the crisis, most compelling may be Governor Cuomo of New York. Now in his third term, the elder son of late Gov. Mario Cuomo is hardly a fresh presence 鈥� or even, in normal times, a particularly warm one.聽聽

But his daily press conferences, an odyssey of info-packed PowerPoint slides and personal reflections, have become appointment TV (or livestream) for those who want to see a 鈥渂uck stops here鈥� leader in action and a dose of compassion.聽

鈥淚f someone wants to blame someone, blame me,鈥� Mr. Cuomo said March 22 in announcing statewide business closures aimed at thwarting the virus.聽

His elderly mother, Matilda Cuomo, and three grown daughters have become stand-ins for every baby boomer鈥檚 aging parents and young-adult children as he expresses concern for their welfare. Mr. Cuomo鈥檚 rules for behavior, aimed at protecting vulnerable populations, are dubbed 鈥淢atilda鈥檚 Law.鈥澛犅�

Mr. Cuomo and Mr. Trump 鈥� both with 鈥渢ough guy from Queens鈥� facades 鈥� had developed a rapport during the crisis, but clashed Tuesday amid Mr. Cuomo鈥檚 desperate plea for ventilators and other equipment. Until then, Mr. Trump had prided himself on his聽dealings with governors聽from both sides of the aisle during the crisis.聽

Then there鈥檚 Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and a member of the president鈥檚 coronavirus task force. (He鈥檚 advised every president since Ronald Reagan.) He has been a reassuring presence at Trump press conferences, known for his diplomatic corrections of presidential pronouncements.聽

鈥淗e goes his own way. He has his own style,鈥� Dr. Fauci said of Mr. Trump in a聽recent interview聽with Science Magazine. 鈥淏ut on substantive issues, he does listen to what I say.鈥�

Often, in fact, leadership consists of good 鈥渇ollowership,鈥� i.e., being a team player.聽

Like Dr. Fauci, Vice President Mike Pence has earned praise for his calming, almost preacher-like presence, as he stays on-message and never outshines the president.聽

In the president鈥檚 Cabinet, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin has been another standout, working across the aisle聽effectively聽with House Speaker Nancy Pelosi as they hashed out a massive stimulus deal to rescue the economy.聽Senate leaders announced an agreement early Wednesday morning, and the chamber aims to vote later in the day, after ironing out some last-minute issues.聽聽

Paul Light, a professor of public service at New York University, is no fan of Mr. Trump. But he says the problems with the handling of this crisis are by no means all the president鈥檚 fault.聽

Going back decades, 鈥渨e鈥檝e seen an increase in the number of significant, highly visible breakdowns of government,鈥� Professor Light says. His explanation: 鈥淲e just have not done major repairs of our government systems, our technologies, our early warning, our civil service 鈥� for a good 50 years.鈥澛�

Editor鈥檚 note: As a public service,聽all our coronavirus coverage聽is free. No paywall.