海角大神

President Joe Biden鈥檚 decision last Friday to send Ukraine cluster munitions didn鈥檛 come easily.

It took 42 U.S. aid packages, a request from Ukraine, another from four leading Republicans in Congress, and a unanimous recommendation from the National Security Council before the president was persuaded.聽

鈥淚t took me a while to be convinced to do it,鈥� President Biden said in an interview with CNN last week. 鈥淏ut the main thing is they either have the weapons to stop the Russians now 鈥� or they don鈥檛.鈥�

Cluster munitions can be seen as聽an imperfect response in a war currently lacking perfect answers. Ukraine鈥檚 counteroffensive has wrenched free less than 160 square miles after more than a month of fighting. The slow pace needed a jolt and ammunition to sustain it in the long term, say military experts. Cluster munitions聽will help with both, they add.聽

But the weapons also carry obvious risks, including to alliance unity. Many of the key countries supporting Ukraine 鈥� such as the United Kingdom and Germany 鈥� are party to the Oslo Convention on Cluster Munitions, a treaty banning their use. The controversial weapons聽can be highly dangerous for civilians, and humanitarian groups have already objected to the announcement.

Ultimately, the choice to send cluster munitions, or cluster bombs, to Ukraine could be seen as a kind of resignation. The president decided that Ukraine can best determine how to protect its own civilians and that the risk of more unexploded ordnance is outweighed by the risk of not liberating more territory, and civilians, from the Russians. There鈥檚 little moral clarity in such an assessment, but that鈥檚 often the case in war.聽

鈥淭here isn鈥檛 a good answer here,鈥� says Mark Cancian, a former artillery officer who is now an analyst at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington think tank.聽鈥淓ither he gives these weapons, with the humanitarian concerns, or he doesn鈥檛, and the Ukrainian offensive is less effective.鈥�

An ammunition shortage

Speaking from the White House and Pentagon podiums last week, administration officials came prepared with points and counterpoints.聽

Their arguments fell into four main buckets. The first is that Russia has throughout the war used rocket-fired cluster munitions to attack Ukraine, which is now only using these weapons in self defense. The second is that Kyiv has committed in writing to only use the weapons on its own territory and not to fire them in densely populated or urban areas.聽

Additionally, they argued that Russia鈥檚 cluster munitions have a much higher dud rate 鈥� important because shells that don鈥檛 explode at first can kill civilians later 鈥� than those Ukraine will receive.

The final point聽may be the聽clearest.聽Without these supplies, Ukraine could face an ammunition shortage that would hamstring its counteroffensive. Cluster munitions will help them get through the crunch.

American and European defense industries 鈥� unprepared for an arduous war like Ukraine鈥檚 鈥� have been ramping up to meet its needs since last February. The United States has already committed 2 million 155 mm shells, in addition to hundreds of thousands from other partners, but it hasn鈥檛 been enough.聽

Cluster munitions include dozens of bomblets inside a larger artillery shell. These kill more adversaries than individual rounds, allowing fewer shells to be fired overall and helping sustain the war effort while America鈥檚 industrial base tries to catch up.聽

Supporters add that these are exactly the kinds of munitions Ukraine needs in the current stage of the war. Russian defensive lines are nearly 20 miles thick in most areas and have multiple layers of minefields, trenches, and antitank structures, let alone Russian forces. These weapons will allow Ukraine to strike a more diffuse target 鈥� and with a relatively high degree of accuracy, at least according to Colin Kahl, under secretary of Defense for policy. He said the cluster munitions Ukraine will receive have a dud rate under 2.35%.

鈥淎 cluster munition is not a cluster munition,鈥� said Dr. Kahl, speaking from the Pentagon briefing room last Friday. 鈥淭here are big differences between them.鈥�

Risk to civilians

Dr. Kahl said that 2.35% is based on five Department of Defense studies from 1998 to 2020. But the tests themselves are classified, and there are no plans to make them publicly available.聽

All of this adds to the skepticism of humanitarian groups, who warn that cluster bombs have already killed and will kill more civilians in this conflict.聽

A report from Human Rights Watch, released just before the administration鈥檚 announcement last week, reported that Ukrainian use of cluster munitions in the siege of Izium last fall resulted in eight civilian deaths and 15 more injuries. The Ukrainian government, which has previously received cluster munitions from Turkey, denied the findings.聽

Mary Wareham, advocacy director of Human Rights Watch鈥檚 arms division, is unconvinced by Dr. Kahl鈥檚 claim that not all cluster munitions are the same.聽鈥淭here鈥檚 good cluster munitions and there鈥檚 bad cluster munitions,鈥� parrots Ms. Wareham. 鈥淭his is what U.S. officials have tried to argue for years.鈥�

In the past, the dud rate for U.S. cluster munitions has turned out to be higher than projected, causing civilian and soldier harm. During the first Gulf War in 1991, about 10% of all U.S. soldiers killed lost their lives from friendly fire unexploded ordnance.

There are different kinds of munitions testing, with varying levels of accuracy, and tests rarely project actual battlefield numbers. The bomblets inside cluster munitions聽are meant to explode perpendicular to the target. If weather conditions alter their orientation, or the ground is soft or uneven, the munitions are more likely to end up as duds.聽

The dud rate of the M42 munition 鈥� which is reportedly being sent to Ukraine 鈥� has been above 14%. About half of the dud munitions are active, meaning they can explode later. And there鈥檚 no way to tell whether a dud is truly a dud or a bomb waiting to go off, complicating the eventual task of clearing minefields.聽

鈥淎dding [cluster munitions]聽to that problem makes it more time consuming, makes it more challenging, makes it more dangerous, because you can鈥檛 move the submunitions,鈥� says Mark Hiznay, associate director of Human Rights Watch鈥檚 arms division. 鈥淭hey all have to be destroyed in place.鈥�

To this, Ukrainians respond that de-mining will already take years, if not decades. The government鈥檚 goal right now is to liberate territory. They鈥檒l take everything they can get to accomplish it.聽

鈥淥ur calculus is simple: Having them is less risky than not having these weapons,鈥� says Yuriy Sak, an adviser to Ukraine鈥檚 minister of defense.聽

Some of the worst mass-casualty attacks of the war have been inflicted by Russian cluster bombs. The bombing of a railway station last April in the eastern city of Kramatorsk killed more than 60 and injured more than 150. A mother and daughter lost their legs. The story soon became a symbol of Russia鈥檚 indiscriminate attacks on Ukrainian civilians.

Regular Ukrainians are unlikely to be familiar with the technical side of the weapons, says Mr. Sak. But they know cluster munitions.聽

鈥淚f you ask an ordinary Ukrainian in the street what do you think about Ukraine getting cluster munitions I鈥檇 probably guess that their answer would be, 鈥榠t鈥檚 about [expletive] time,鈥欌�� he says.