海角大神

On a frigid late-February afternoon this year, fighting violent crime has brought Victor Alvelais to a fast-food drive-thru here in the southern part of Dallas.

After his chicken tenders finally arrive, he drives a few minutes down the road to the scene of a recent crime. A few weeks earlier, a gunman shot through a fence and wounded five children at an apartment complex in South Dallas.

Within two days of that shooting, Mr. Alvelais was there. The director of Dallas Cred, a local violence intervention group, he鈥檇 already been meeting with two teenage brothers who live there, talking them out of picking up their own weapons and getting revenge.

On this afternoon, he鈥檚 still responding. He鈥檚 with three other members of Dallas Cred this time, each of whom are wearing the organization鈥檚 bright-orange T-shirts, as well as a reporter he agreed could tag along.

They coax the brothers onto a porch outside their ground-floor apartment. It鈥檚 cold, so they鈥檝e draped themselves in thick blankets. Juan Javier P茅rez, a member of the team, throws some friendly shade, calling them 鈥渟oft鈥� for shivering under blankets while he鈥檚 wearing shorts. (Mr. P茅rez is from the colder climes of Michigan.)

The conversation turns serious. They admonish the younger brother for picking up an assault charge. They ask him to let them know when he has a court date so they can talk to the judge.聽

It鈥檚 too cold for a longer conversation, and they shuffle back inside. But Mr. Alvelais says this was a productive meeting. The brothers still seem receptive to their emphasis on nonviolence. They listen to him. Perhaps they even trust his 鈥渃red,鈥� or credibility, since he served nearly 30 years in prison for a homicide.聽

Just as he begins to drive away, the older brother runs out and stops him. Walking over to the driver鈥檚 window, he quietly tells Mr. Alvelais his family could use some food. So he heads to the fast-food drive-thru, orders more chicken tenders, and brings them back to the brothers.

鈥淚t鈥檚 a little thing,鈥� Mr. Alvelais says. 鈥淎 hot meal on a cold day, it goes a long way.鈥�

Since 2021, Dallas has been taking approaches like violence intervention to make the city鈥檚 wider efforts to fight violent crime more effective. Relying on 鈥渢rusted messengers,鈥� violence intervention programs seek to build community relationships that address violent crime before it happens. Cities such as Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago, and others across the United States have included such programs in their law enforcement budgets, with each asking, can law enforcement evolve to be more of a community effort?

Those at Dallas Cred believe it must. 鈥淸The police鈥檚] responsibility is to react to a crime, arrest the perpetrator, and leave,鈥� says Mr. Alvelais. 鈥淭hey can鈥檛 be in the midst of the communities trying to eradicate this way of thinking, or prevent any sort of retaliation once it happens.鈥�

鈥淰iolence is an effect; it鈥檚 not the cause鈥� of crime, says Untruan Grant, another member of the group today. 鈥淩eally, nobody wants to be in trouble, but sometimes we feel like that鈥檚 the only resort. We鈥檙e giving them other resorts to be able to take, and that鈥檚 by counting on us.鈥�

A new approach

In Dallas and other cities in Texas, however, efforts to include the wider community in addressing violent crime are just one part of a major rethinking about law enforcement. Criminologists and policymakers in the Lone Star State have been in the process of initiating new multiyear and multipronged approaches to law enforcement, drawing on 50 years of research into the nation鈥檚 evolving policing techniques.

Their new approaches have included embracing what have often been the controversial ideas of 鈥渉ot spots policing.鈥� In a technique pioneered in Minneapolis and exemplified by New York City鈥檚 CompStat program in the 1990s, police first meticulously map crime patterns throughout the city and then focus their resources聽on areas in which violent crimes occur most聽often.

They鈥檝e also begun to include another technique pioneered in New York: 鈥渂roken windows policing.鈥� Also a decades-old strategy, this kind of policing includes removing signs of disorder and blight as officers aggressively target minor crimes like vandalism and loitering. According to the theory, a focus on smaller problems helps prevent more serious violence and mayhem.

Both techniques have been vigorously contested by critics who point out that this kind of policing often floods Black and Latino neighborhoods with police, placing them under much more intense scrutiny and causing conflict and inequities.聽

But in Dallas and other cities in Texas, officials say they are trying to avoid the mistakes of the past. 鈥淚t won鈥檛 necessarily be all police,鈥� says Robert Blanton, an assistant chief with the San Antonio Police Department. 鈥淚t鈥檚 much more comprehensive than the hot spots [idea]. ... These are going to be much more thoughtful, or active, issues.鈥�

Focused deterrence

This more comprehensive approach to public safety also includes an idea known as 鈥渇ocused deterrence,鈥� which was pioneered in Boston in the 1990s. Focusing on a small number of 鈥渒ey鈥� violent offenders, an array of law enforcement officials and community leaders brings such offenders into a room and, together, works to convince them to turn their lives around. Police, prosecutors, community members, crime victims, nonprofit groups, and former criminals marshal their efforts to address the roots rather than the effects of violent crime.

If they cooperate, the community members and nonprofit groups are here to help them. Former criminals are there to tell them it鈥檚 possible. But if they continue to reoffend, police and prosecutors tell them they will be sent to prison for as long as possible.

These varied strategies have never been implemented together as part of a long-term coordinated plan, says Michael Smith, a criminologist at the University of Texas at San Antonio, who helped design the multipronged plan for Texas jurisdictions. These strategies, though controversial, have been adapted in light of the negative effects they鈥檝e had, he says.

鈥淲hat鈥檚 important is what it鈥檚 not,鈥� Dr. Smith says about Texas鈥� new approaches. 鈥淭his isn鈥檛 police officers getting out of their cars, stopping everything that moves. It鈥檚 a modern, 21st-century, light-footprint crime reduction strategy.鈥�

From skepticism to hope

When Maj. Jason Scoggins first heard about the new light-footprint strategies for the Dallas Police Department, he was skeptical.

Stocky, with a shaved head and a Texas drawl, Major Scoggins is a second-generation Dallas police officer. He and his father represent a combined half-century of policing experience, but this particular hot spots strategy 鈥渨as not something that I鈥檝e ever seen,鈥� he says.

Using data analysis to identify a small number of high-crime locations 鈥� often as small as a street corner or apartment building 鈥� supervisors tell officers not to make any arrests or do any kind of enforcement, really. Their presence alone, according to criminologists, should deter violent crime when these hot spots are at their hottest. They are instructed to simply announce their presence.聽

鈥淎t first it sounded funny,鈥� Major Scoggins says. 鈥淵ou turn on your cruise lights and you鈥檙e there for 15 minutes, and that鈥檚 supposed to deter crime?鈥� Still, he was willing to give it a shot. 鈥淚f this is [that] simple ... and it deters crime and reduces violent crime? Sign me up. I鈥檓 all for it.鈥�

After the program launched in 2021, violent crime dropped 53% in the hot spots and 14% citywide in the first six months, the department reported. San Antonio, which started the plan last year, reported a 44% drop in violent crime in hot spots.

Melissa Cabello Havrda, a member of the San Antonio City Council and chair of its Public Safety Committee, was skeptical of the crime plan at first. 鈥淏ut I was hopeful, and it turns out I had a reason to be hopeful,鈥� she says.

Residents of Edgewood, a neighborhood in her district on the city鈥檚 west side, were also skeptical. The area has one of the highest crime rates in the city, and last year its school district recorded more violent student offenses than any other. But as the residents have been seeing more police patrols in the past year, now they鈥檙e telling her they feel safer, she says.

鈥淭hat鈥檚 a big win in my book,鈥� says Councilor Cabello Havrda. 鈥淗ot spots isn鈥檛 meant to be a solution on its own, and I think they understand that.鈥�

The hope is that this first, entirely police-driven phase of the multipronged plan can lay the groundwork for the later and聽longer-term techniques to succeed.

鈥淭his strategy builds over time,鈥� says Thomas Abt, a professor of criminology at the University of Maryland. 鈥淚t starts with very simple interventions ... and then it adds increasingly complex interventions on top. That鈥檚 very exciting, and I think it鈥檚 very smart,鈥� he says. 鈥淵ou need a balanced set of enforcement and nonenforcement strategies. It鈥檚 very important to recognize that police are not the only people responsible for maintaining public safety.鈥�

Dallas鈥檚 approach to 鈥渂roken windows鈥�

Like many in Dallas now, Kevin Oden doesn鈥檛 fit the traditional crime-fighting profile. But after cutting his teeth overseeing Super Bowls, natural disasters, and disease outbreaks, he鈥檚 at the forefront of Dallas鈥� efforts to make public safety a citywide responsibility.

Head of the city鈥檚 Office of Integrated Public Safety Solutions, Mr. Oden is responsible for how Dallas implements its version of the broken windows theory. In the past, the strategy called for police to crack down on minor offenses as a way to disrupt and deter more serious offenses. Inspired by research in Philadelphia, Mr. Oden believes environmental improvements in an area can also decrease violent crime.

So his agency has trained teams of code inspectors to join the efforts to help prevent violent crime. They fix gates and fences, improve public lighting, and relandscape crime-prone areas like the back corners of apartment complexes. They clean vacant lots, remove abandoned vehicles, and install security cameras outside businesses. They also make sure vacant buildings are inaccessible 鈥� and without broken windows.

Mr. Oden鈥檚 office also works with Dallas Fire-Rescue, Park and Recreation, and even Water Utilities to bring resources and security to high-crime areas. His office also hires violence interrupter programs like Dallas Cred, investing about $1 million a year in the work.

鈥淏y doing those things ... you really turn around the narrative of risk in an area,鈥� Mr. Oden says. 鈥淎nd you do it without having to do additional policing or tie up resources.鈥�

But there is a limit to how much police and civilian agencies like his can do to tackle violence.

鈥淯ltimately, all of these areas share the same common need, and it鈥檚 investment in housing, investment in economic opportunity, income growth,鈥� he says. 鈥淭he long-term [solution] is to make the investments the way that they probably should have been done a long, long time ago.鈥�

He also helps coordinate the city鈥檚 new focused-deterrence efforts, hiring agencies like the South Dallas Employment Project.

Its managing partner, Wes Jurey, is another unlikely crime fighter. Gray-haired and mustachioed, he looks more like a university professor than like a man who picks up the phone at 3 a.m. to make sure you get a bed at a homeless shelter. But he鈥檚 been working to help the dozens of participants in Dallas鈥� focused-deterrence program, as well as their families.

Fifty-one people have joined the program, which was launched in June last year. Coordinating with other nonprofits and government agencies, Mr. Jurey has helped at least 31 clients connect to a total of 166 services. So far, only one participant has been rearrested, but not for a firearm-related or violent offense.

Many of them 鈥済ot in trouble because of other circumstances that are a little bit beyond their control,鈥� Mr. Jurey says. 鈥淚t鈥檚 difficult to challenge that. And yet they鈥檝e committed a crime, and they鈥檙e going to have to take the consequences of that. We want to help them not commit another crime,鈥� he adds. 鈥淏ut you have to get down to, what are the underlying causes? ... It takes it all. It鈥檚 not just the job. It鈥檚 not just finding a place to sleep.鈥�

From menace to mentor

Antong Lucky knows a lot about those underlying causes.

He鈥檇 never worked with law enforcement until last summer, when he agreed to share his story with participants in Dallas鈥� focused-deterrence program. It鈥檚 exciting for him, he says, because the program is a microcosm of what he thinks public safety should be. He calls it 鈥渁 NATO,鈥� a citywide alliance committed to reducing violent crime.

His father went to prison when he was 9 months old, and his mother worked long hours to provide for them, even as drug dealers worked outside his front porch and bullies and gang members shadowed him around his South Dallas neighborhood.

In school he had been an honor roll student. But outside school he quickly learned that he had to be something else. By the time he reached high school, he was a leader in a notorious gang, the Bloods.

鈥淎s a kid, the law of self-preservation kicks in, so you start putting on what you think you鈥檙e supposed to be,鈥� Mr. Lucky says. 鈥淭hen next thing you know, you鈥檝e created a gang. Next thing you know, you鈥檙e into drugs. Next thing you know, you鈥檙e standing in front of judge who鈥檚 saying you鈥檙e a menace to society,鈥� he says.

鈥淭hat speaks to a lot of kids across the country in urban communities,鈥� he continues. 鈥淚t鈥檚 easy to say these kids [are] just dangerous from the start, and they鈥檙e bad and they鈥檙e killers. But it don鈥檛 happen like that,鈥� he adds. 鈥淣o one wakes up and says, 鈥楾his is what I want to be.鈥� Sometimes your circumstances can be strong to convince you to front like you鈥檙e that, to pretend like you鈥檙e that. And if you pretend long enough, you just end up being it.鈥�

After a long prison sentence, Mr. Lucky committed to turning his life around. That involved negotiating a truce between the Bloods and the Crips, a rival gang, in 2000. And for decades, he鈥檚 worked to keep the peace in Dallas鈥� high-crime communities. Then the city hired him to help with focused deterrence.

Since Dallas implemented this plan, three other cities have followed suit. The results so far have been encouraging, albeit mixed. Dallas saw an increase in homicides last year compared with 2022, but most other kinds of violent crime have decreased since 2021.

Mr. Lucky, for his part, is optimistic. When he was growing up, 鈥渢hese types of efforts didn鈥檛 [exist]. They judged us before even trying to help us,鈥� he says. 鈥淲e鈥檙e not there yet. I think we鈥檙e getting there. We need an alliance of all types of people to help.鈥�

In many ways, however, these ideas are still experiments. In 2021, the city hired Dallas Cred, which is supported by the national nonprofit Youth Advocate Programs Inc., but that contract expired at the end of 2023. The staff of the violence interruption group dropped from a team of 12 working in four focus areas across the city to a team of just four working in two focus areas today.

But violent crime in the areas they worked decreased by 22% over those two years, the organization says. Both it and city officials say they hope to work together again.

An old-school stakeout

On a quiet, warm February morning on Ferguson Road in East Dallas, the last police officers are moving into position.

Major Scoggins is watching from an unmarked car as a skinny young man in shorts and a beanie sweeps the sidewalk outside a convenience store. Across the street, a teenage boy ambles along the sidewalk, sits at a bus stop, and glances left and right.

For all the new emphasis on light-footprint policing and community partnerships, today鈥檚 operation is an old-fashioned stakeout. A team of police officers, many in plainclothes and unmarked cars, is waiting to make its move to disrupt the area鈥檚 destructive fentanyl trade.

Suddenly, the officers descend. But even that is quiet. They stop and frisk a few of the men outside the convenience store, including the sweeper.

Plainclothes officers talk with the suspects, asking for information. Others search them, unsuccessfully, for fentanyl. The officers discover the sweeper has an outstanding warrant for arson, and proceed to arrest him. Residents of nearby apartment complexes stop to watch and then move on. There are morning errands to run, and this street corner is no stranger to crime and violence.

It鈥檚 the kind of policing that has generated national controversy in recent years. But residents here have long complained about not having enough police around as dealers peddle drugs and fight for turf.

鈥淭he people that are there that are not contributing to the crime, they鈥檙e just trying to live their normal lives,鈥� Major Scoggins says. 鈥淭hey know why we鈥檙e there, and they鈥檙e thankful. But then we also need to show how invested we are in that area to make it a safe place for citizens to live.鈥�

Still, the tensions between police and high-crime communities remain a critical issue for departments across the country, experts say. But the kinds of new approaches聽in Texas and other states are striving to fight violence with more than police work and criminal convictions.聽

鈥淚n the past, it was always about relying on policing,鈥� says Thaddeus Johnson, a fellow at the Council on Criminal Justice and an assistant professor at Georgia State University. 鈥淏ut how do you make sure you have a system that salvages life rather than destroys it?鈥�

Editor's note: This story has been updated to clarify the organizational structure of Dallas Cred. It is a local organization supported by the national nonprofit Youth Advocate Programs Inc.