海角大神

Christopher Grider said he came to Washington on Jan. 6 with no intention of rioting. But he got caught up in the mob of angry supporters of then-President Donald Trump as they surged into the United States Capitol, breaking through police barriers and smashing through doors.

It wasn鈥檛 his fault, he said, that he ended up inside the building with a yellow 鈥淒on鈥檛 Tread on Me鈥� flag around his neck as lawmakers ran for their lives.

Mr. Grider, a winery owner and former school teacher in Texas, is among at least a dozen Capitol riot defendants identified by The Associated Press who have claimed their presence in the building was a result of being 鈥渃aught up鈥� in the hysteria of the crowd or that they were pushed inside by sheer force.

For some, blaming the mob is part of an attempt to restore reputations tarnished by their presence at an event of such infamy. Others may try to broach the issue at trial or at least during sentencing in bids for leniency.

Social scientists have long observed how individuals can act in ways they never would on their own when they are in crowds of like-minded people who are whipped into a frenzy.

The insurrectionists descended on the nation鈥檚 capital that day to disrupt the certification of Joe Biden鈥檚 presidential victory. Many attended a rally by Mr. Trump, who was refusing to concede even though there was no evidence to suggest the election had been rigged and his own administration said it wasn鈥檛.

Hundreds of Trump supporters broke through police barricades and overwhelmed officers, violently shoving their way into the building to chants of 鈥淗ang Mike Pence鈥� and 鈥淪top the Steal.鈥� Some came prepared with pepper spray, baseball bats and other weapons. More than 400 people have been charged; it鈥檚 the largest prosecution in the Justice Department鈥檚 history.

Mr. Grider, accused of helping to break a glass door to the House chamber, never planned to storm the building, his lawyer has said in filings and comments to reporters after Mr. Grider, was charged with violent entry and disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds.

鈥淗e would never have anticipated finding himself in the situation, but for the president and the rally and the way everything went down,鈥� Brent Mayr told the Houston Chronicle. 鈥淲e鈥檝e heard 鈥榤ob mentality鈥� 鈥� and he describes it to a T.鈥� Mr. Mayr more recently declined to comment further.

Judges typically don鈥檛 let defendants assert at trial that outside influences, be it drugs or peer pressure, made them act as they did. Most judges would reject efforts by rioters鈥� lawyers to use any iteration of a blame-the-crowd defense, legal experts say.

鈥淓ven though I鈥檓 a criminal defense attorney, it sounds like a desperation move,鈥� said Miami lawyer Joel Hirschhorn, insisting that would-be rioters who traveled long distances to Washington had to understand what they might be getting into. 鈥淚t鈥檚 sort of like, 鈥楾he devil made me do it.鈥� Come on.鈥�

But there鈥檚 some precedent for a version of the argument succeeding at trial.

Lawyers at the California trial of two African American men charged with attempted murder in the beating of white truck driver Reginald Denny during Los Angeles riots in 1992 were allowed to call psychiatry professor Armando Morales to testify that a pervasive mob mentality meant the men couldn鈥檛 have intended to harm anyone.

Mr. Denny was pulled out of his truck and severely beaten after four white Los Angeles officers were acquitted of most charges in the beating of Black motorist Rodney King.

Mr. Morales described to jurors how individuals can become infected by a mass hysteria when in angry throngs, losing their normal control, and acting violently without actual intent to commit a crime.

鈥淭his can happen to the most upstanding individuals,鈥� he said.

While prosecutors called rebuttal witnesses to challenge the professor鈥檚 contention that intent wasn鈥檛 possible during the riot, jurors acquitted the two men of attempted murder, convicting them of lesser chargers.

Many in law enforcement criticized the verdicts at the time, saying they sent the wrong message that participation in crowd violence made someone less culpable than if they had acted alone.

In federal court such arguments are usually allowed only during sentencing, but defendants are already laying groundwork.

One rioter told investigators that walking up the Capitol steps was like 鈥渁 funnel.鈥� A second claimed he couldn鈥檛 pull back from the crowd, even though the FBI said video showed the man made no attempt to turn around.

One defendant, Kevin James Lyons of Chicago, is accused of going into House Speaker Nancy Pelosi鈥檚 office during the riot and posting a photo on social media of a plaque bearing Ms. Pelosi鈥檚 name. A caption with the photo read, 鈥淲HOS HOUSE?!?!? OUR HOUSE??鈥�

Authorities say Mr. Lyons claimed he planned to attend only the Trump rally, where he heard flash-bang devices going off in the distance and saw people walking toward him with red faces. They say Mr. Lyons, nevertheless, soon headed to the Capitol himself and wound up inside.

鈥淟yons claimed that there was very little he could do to escape the crowd because he weighed 140 pounds,鈥� the FBI said.

James 鈥淟es鈥� Little of Claremont, North Carolina, told the FBI that he had no intention of entering the building when he went to the Capitol but became overwhelmed by the moment. Once inside, he said he fist-bumped others, walked around the Senate chamber, and took photos of himself.

During an interview with investigators, he also said he was caught up in the moment when sending a text to someone about taking over the Capitol. Mr. Little鈥檚 attorney, Peter Adolf, didn鈥檛 return a call seeking comment.

Debra Lieberman, a psychology professor at the University of Miami, said people in large crowds make calculations on the costs and benefits of their actions, and with so many others around, they believe they can get away with it.

Those who went through barricades at the bottom of Capitol Hill had to have made an explicit decision to participate and can鈥檛 contend they were just swept up by the crowd, she said.

Saying you were 鈥渂eing swept up is pushing the blame and culpability aside,鈥� Ms. Lieberman said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a sneaky strategy.鈥�

When U.S. District Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson ruled in February that she would release Mr. Grider on bond pending trial, she didn鈥檛 speak directly to whether crowd dynamics might be relevant to his case. His legal team hasn鈥檛 said it will attempt to make that a feature of a trial defense.

But Mr. Jackson showed no sympathy for claims that Mr. Grider was more of a bystander than anything else that day.

Mr. Jackson noted Mr. Grider can be seen at the front of a crowd that rushed toward House chamber doors. While he didn鈥檛 smash the door windows, he stood by while others did and did not retreat, she said. One rioter was fatally shot by police as she tried to climb through one of the shattered windows.

鈥淢ake no mistake, Mr. Grider, you did participate,鈥� the judge said, addressing him directly. 鈥淵ou did have a role in one of the most egregious assaults on our democracy in the history of this country.鈥�

This story was reported by The Associated Press. Michael Tarm reported from Chicago and Jacques Billeaud reported from Phoenix.