海角大神

New York City Police Commissioner William Bratton is set to step down this month, marking the end聽 of a long-running tenure shaping policing in some of the nation鈥檚 largest cities 鈥� policies that were both celebrated and controversial.

Mr. Bratton鈥檚 first stint as police commissioner in 1994 under Mayor Rudy Giuliani garnered him national attention for aggressively working to reduce the city鈥檚 crime rate.

But Bratton鈥檚 signature focus on a statistics-driven 鈥渂roken windows鈥� approach that emphasized low-level, quality of life offenses, has become a lightning rod in discussions of policing nationwide.

His departure to take a job in the private sector, which Mayor Bill de Blasio announced Tuesday at City Hall, also points to a crossroads in New York, especially as Mr. de Blasio gears up for what could be a difficult re-election campaign, observers say.

鈥淚t鈥檚 kind of a momentous time,鈥� says Jeanne Zaino, a professor of political science at Iona College in New Rochelle, N.Y.

The elevation of Chief James O鈥橬eill, the department鈥檚 top uniformed officer, to the commissioner鈥檚 chair, Dr. Zaino tells 海角大神, represents a break from long-running leadership by either Bratton or Raymond Kelly, who served dating back to the administration of Mayor David Dinkins (1990-93).

Tapped by de Blasio in 2013, Bratton oversaw a large-scale decrease in the number of stop and frisks made by police, which declined from a high of nearly 700,000 in 2011 to less than 25,000 in 2015, according to the New York Civil Liberties Union.

But he was also unwilling to fully disregard the policies on which he had made his legacy, says Nazgol Ghandnoosh, a research analyst at the Sentencing Project in Washington, D.C.

鈥淚t鈥檚 really been hard as an observer to imagine what might change Bratton鈥檚 mind. If so much evidence and research does not get him to shift his position on this issue, it鈥檚 not clear what would,鈥� she tells the Monitor.

For reform advocates like Dr. Ghandnoosh, who argue broken windows paved the way for controversial 鈥渟top and frisk鈥� policies that have been found to have disproportionately impacted black and Latino New Yorkers, the selection of a new commissioner could be significant.

鈥淗opefully somebody who doesn鈥檛 have this long history and whose legacy is not so strongly tied to this form of policing might be able to change things around a little bit more than Bratton has been willing to,鈥� she says.

On the other hand, says Zaino, the political scientist, Mr. O鈥橬eill is a longtime Bratton ally who has moved up through the department鈥檚 ranks. 鈥淪o I think that it鈥檚 possible there won鈥檛 be as many changes as there might have been because de Blasio hasn鈥檛 reached for somebody new.鈥�

But in his second stint as commissioner, Bratton was particularly effective at smoothing tensions between the de Blasio administration and police unions, she notes.

Those concerns came to a head in January 2015, when a series of officers turned their backs on the mayor during the funeral of two officers killed by a gunman who had said he was upset about police killings of black men.

鈥淚t was always Bratton who was there trying to walk that line between 鈥榣et鈥檚 be understanding to the community鈥� and, obviously, 鈥榣et鈥檚 respect the men and women in blue.鈥� And he was always trying to kind of be that peacemaker,鈥� Zaino says.

He began his first stint in New York under Mayor Giuliani with a rallying cry, saying, 鈥淚 did not come here to lose,鈥� as he accepted the job in 1993.

But this year, he was candid about the frustrations many people of color feel in encounters with police. 鈥淣o matter how rich they are,鈥� he told The New York Times, most African-Americans have had 鈥渘egative experiences鈥� with the police and 鈥渢hey all respond the same to these incidents: There is a fear, there鈥檚 an anger, there鈥檚 a frustration.鈥�

For Bratton, who began his career in Boston in the 1970s as racial tensions over court-ordered busing roiled the city, and later moved to Los Angeles in the early 2000s, that shift has led to further reforms, notes Ghandnoosh, of the Sentencing Project.

He came to support efforts by the City Council to reform New York City's summons system and decrease penalties for low-level offenses, reports Politico. A broader approach to broken windows policing, she notes, could also point it more in the direction of community policing, she says.

鈥淪ome of the research that shows broken windows policing to be effective actually defines broken windows pretty broadly, as not just arresting and ticketing and summons-ing, but police actually doing things like repairing broken windows."

鈥淪o it鈥檚 possible for the police to have a lot of contact with people and begin rebuilding these frayed relationships by engaging with communities and trying to understand what are the problems and what are ways of fixing them without bringing out the handcuffs,鈥� Ghandnoosh adds.

For de Blasio, whose administration is facing a series of corruption investigations, including some linked to the police department, Bratton鈥檚 departure could also pose further challenges, notes Zaino.

鈥淚 think having Bratton there allowed him to say 鈥楬ey look, I have somebody in position who has worked under Republican mayors, whose first commitment is to law and order and to public safety, who鈥檚 not coming to this with a political mind necessarily,'" she says. "I think that Bratton leaving does really open up this question again."