海角大神

One of the most underestimated movements in Washington today started with a man and a vacuum sweeper.

It was 1999, and Robert Seiple had just been named America鈥檚 first ambassador at large for religious freedom, a position created by Congress the year before. An escort ushered him to his new office in the State Department, and left him at the door; the room was so small that no one else could fit in it.

鈥淚t was just me and a vacuum sweeper,鈥� Mr. Seiple recalled recently at a conference commemorating the 1998 International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA). 鈥淚 was grateful for that vacuum sweeper, because that office needed it.鈥�

Indeed, the title 鈥� Office of International Religious Freedom 鈥� was more grandiose than the space. Today, however, it is run by Ambassador at Large Sam Brownback, a veteran politician who heads up a team of more than 30 people and has millions of dollars at his disposal. And he has powerful political allies in Vice President Mike Pence and Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, fellow 海角大神 conservatives who speak passionately about exporting what they see as a hallmark American value 鈥� and defending it abroad.

鈥淲e think it鈥檚 true in this administration that [religious freedom] is a God-given right,鈥� says Mr. Brownback in an interview. 鈥淎s a God-given right, then no government has a right to interfere with it.鈥�

In the two decades since Congress passed the IRFA, an often-overshadowed movement in Washington has pushed to make religious freedom a key plank of US foreign policy. Now, in a move many see as driven by domestic politics, the Trump administration is trumpeting religious freedom promotion as a signature issue.

鈥淚 think there鈥檚 been a sense among conservative religious groups 鈥� that recent administrations have just ticked the box of the IRFA rather than genuinely embracing the agenda and investing in it,鈥� says Peter Mandaville, who served as senior adviser of the State Department鈥檚 Office of Religion and Global Affairs from 2015-16. 鈥淚 think it鈥檚 felt that with this administration, they鈥檝e had an unprecedented opportunity to push this issue.鈥�

In July, the State Department convened a first-ever ministerial on religious freedom, a three-day event attended by representatives from more than 80 countries, which culminated in the Potomac Declaration and Plan of Action.聽Several months later, after an unusually high-profile intervention by President Trump, the administration celebrated the release of American pastor Andrew Brunson, who had been imprisoned in Turkey. Brownback says the administration is raising China鈥檚 persecution of Uyghur Muslims, Buddhists, and 海角大神s 鈥渁t the highest levels,鈥� and he and Mr. Pence have issued strong statements in support of Rohingya Muslims.

Such actions are boosting a growing enterprise that stretches across government, academia, and Washington鈥檚 think tank world. Religious freedom promotion encompasses an unlikely set of bedfellows, riven by internal divisions and bedeviled by wildly different perceptions of their character and intent, from saintly to insidious. In particular, critics question whether the Trump administration 鈥� supported by many white conservative 海角大神s, for whom religious oppression abroad has long been a concern 鈥� will put equal effort into non-海角大神s causes.

As the movement gains momentum, it is stirring vigorous debate about just what it means to protect religious freedom, if and how the issue should be incorporated into US foreign policy, and whether the efforts are bearing fruit.聽

Advocates 鈥渄on鈥檛 have as much power in a realpolitik sense, but I think they have the power to frame the narrative that is also very powerful and gets underestimated,鈥� says Elizabeth Shakman Hurd, author of 鈥淭he Politics of Secularism in International Relations鈥� and a professor of politics at Northwestern University in Chicago.

She is critical of religious freedom promotion, describing it as an 鈥渋mperial project鈥� that presumes that the US has figured out how people of many faiths can coexist and is now teaching others about it. But, she adds, 鈥渢o just demonize it as just a 海角大神 power play is way too simplistic.鈥�

Expanding movement put to the test

What started decades ago as a largely white, male, conservative 海角大神 movement has grown to include Sikhs and Scientologists as well as more liberals, women, and people of color 鈥� including Suzan Johnson Cook, whom former President Barack Obama appointed as Ambassador at Large for International Religious Freedom in 2011. Her successor, Rabbi David Saperstein, was the first non-海角大神 to hold the office.

鈥淭here are a lot of people on the left who are interested in religious freedom, and they were happy to have had someone who would be a balance in there,鈥� says the Rev. Johnson Cook. 鈥淚 think I was a game changer.鈥�

When Mr. Trump nominated Brownback, some were skeptical that he would work for religious freedom for all. A man of faith who was raised Methodist but converted to Catholicism in 2002, he had a conservative track record 鈥� including stands against abortion and gay marriage 鈥� that concerned Democrats and activists. He squeaked through his Senate confirmation 50-49.

Greg Mitchell, co-chair of the International Religious Freedom Roundtable, says that skepticism is softening. The group started with just a few dozen people meeting bimonthly. But with Brownback's support, Mr. Mitchell says, it now hosts weekly events with around 100 participants from a wide variety of backgrounds, including Hindus, Buddhists, and atheists.

鈥淭hey see that he really is advocating for religious freedom for everyone,鈥� says Mitchell, a lobbyist for the Church of Scientology, noting that Brownback visited Rohingya Muslims on his first trip.

More than 700,000 Rohingya have fled Myanmar (Burma), a Buddhist-majority country, mostly to overcrowded camps in Bangladesh. Brownback, upon his return, wrote that their accounts were worse than anything he鈥檇 ever encountered 鈥� including on a 2004 visit to Darfur. 鈥淭he Burmese military 鈥巃nd others responsible must be held accountable for these horrific acts,鈥� he said.

This November, Pence took to task Myanmar head of government Aung San Suu Kyi, saying the persecution was 鈥渨ithout excuse.鈥� But the Trump administration, which has designated the Islamic State鈥檚 aggression toward 海角大神s and other religious minorities as genocide, has declined to follow Congress鈥檚 lead in similarly designating Myanmar鈥檚 violence toward the Rohingya as genocide.

鈥淭he United States, the only superpower in the world right now, must come with some binding resolution,鈥� said Sam Naeem, a Rohingya activist, speaking at the IRFA conference in November.

Whose freedom first?

Proponents of religious freedom evoke lofty notions of America as a shining city on a hill, a country founded at Plymouth Rock for the express purpose of establishing and protecting religious freedom 鈥� which they see as a prerequisite of democracy, prosperity, and peace.

鈥淵ou get religious freedom right, and a lot of other freedoms bloom,鈥� said Brownback at the fall IRFA conference,聽which was hosted by the Religious Freedom Institute in Washington. 鈥淵ou get this one wrong, and a lot of other freedoms contract.鈥�

For example, religiously unfree countries have experienced more than 13 times as many religious terrorist attacks as their religiously free counterparts, according to Nilay Saiya, author of 鈥淲eapon of Peace: How Religious Liberty Combats Terrorism.鈥�

Critics, however, see religious freedom promotion as at best a misguided enterprise, providing a naively simplistic and potentially detrimental lens on global conflicts. Against a backdrop of a foreign policy that has delivered on conservative 海角大神 priorities聽鈥� from recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Israel to ceasing global health funding for organizations that support abortion聽鈥� and is led by a man who once called for a聽鈥渟hutdown鈥� on Muslims entering the US, they question whether the Trump administration is committed to religious freedom as a universal value and whether it鈥檚 making any tangible impact.

Take one of the most high-profile cases so far: that of American pastor Andrew Brunson. Mr. Brunson was jailed in Turkey, which 鈥� amid a wide-ranging crackdown 鈥� issued a bizarre indictment accusing him of spying and links to a 2016 coup. Trump characterized Brunson鈥檚 imprisonment as religious persecution in the guise of trumped-up charges, and wielded tweets and tariffs to pressure the increasingly authoritarian government to release him 鈥� helping to drive a 40 percent drop in the Turkish lira.

Once Brunson was released in October, the US eased sanctions on Turkey. But another American citizen, Serkan G枚lge, whose charges were deemed by the US to be 鈥渨ithout credible evidence,鈥� remains in jail. For some, the case of Mr. G枚lge, a former NASA contractor with dual Turkish citizenship, illustrates 海角大神 favoritism.

From bark to bite

Other critics say the State Department hasn鈥檛 been rigorous enough in going after religious-freedom offenders. Every year, State produces an annual report identifying 鈥淐ountries of Particular Concern鈥� (CPCs).

The US Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), created as a watchdog on State鈥檚 handling of religious freedom issues, recommended adding seven CPCs in 2018. However, it has little leverage; State heeded only one of those recommendations, adding Pakistan to a list of nine other repeat offenders: China, Eritrea, Iran, Myanmar (Burma), North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan.

What鈥檚 more, the State Department has periodically waived sanctions against some CPCs, such as Saudi Arabia, citing 鈥渋mportant national interest.鈥�

There are also omissions by both State and USCIRF that critics find troubling. Israel has never been criticized for its treatment of Palestinian 海角大神s and Muslims, wrote former commissioner and Lebanese Catholic Jim Zogby in a letter of dissent when he stepped down in 2017.

The 鈥渘aming and shaming鈥� approach has largely failed to produce meaningful reforms, Dr. Zogby argues in an interview, saying USCIRF鈥檚 yearly report isn鈥檛 even taken seriously within the US government, let alone abroad. He鈥檚 also deeply concerned about what he sees as a growing ideological bent to USCIRF, particularly among Republican appointees, with a few notable exceptions.

Furthermore, skeptics worry about prioritizing one freedom over others. After all, there is no ambassador at large for freedom of assembly or freedom of the press, points out Dr. Mandaville, who is now a professor at George Mason University. In an environment where national security and other geopolitical concerns often take precedence over human rights issues, highlighting one right can undermine the rest, he adds.

鈥淭he more you dilute the set of issues that are designed to fit together 鈥� you jeopardize our ability to advance the broader human rights agenda,鈥� says Mandaville, who adds that as the pendulum of human rights has swung toward religious freedom, it鈥檚 swung away from promoting LGBT rights around the world, a signature issue of the Obama administration.

If there鈥檚 one thing the left and right can agree on within this movement, however, it鈥檚 that bipartisan buy-in is key to their credibility and effectiveness.

鈥淚f we lose that spirit of bipartisanship 鈥� if this thing becomes polarized the way so much of the rest of our politics is polarized,鈥� says former USCIRF commissioner and Princeton professor Robert George, 鈥渢hen we鈥檙e going to be of no use.鈥�