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Right as Washington is preoccupied with a series of gun-control measures, the United Nations is nearing approval of an Arms Trade Treaty that opponents in America's聽gun-rights community say constitutes a back-door gun grab that will trample Second Amendment rights.

Supporters of the treaty, which is set to come to a vote among UN member countries Thursday, decry such arguments as fear-mongering and nonsense. Rather, they say, the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) is a long-overdue regulation of the global arms import and export trade that will help curtail the flow of weapons into conflict zones and the hands of human rights violators.

The treaty would cover trade in conventional weapons ranging from handguns to weapons of war such as missiles and tanks. It would direct countries exporting or importing arms to assess the risk that such weapons would end up being used to commit terrorist attacks or to engage in human rights abuses including torture and genocide.聽

鈥淲e have agreements on the standards for trade in everything else that crosses borders, from T-shirts and iron ore to cars and wheat,鈥� says Daniel Prins, secretary general of the ATT conference now under way in New York and chief of the conventional arms branch of the UN Office for Disarmament Affairs. 鈥淭he arms trade has been an exception to that, but the ATT would provide a global set of standards for sending arms to another country.鈥�

That 鈥渟et of standards鈥� has nothing to do with setting firearms quality or regulating models and calibers. 鈥淭his is not a treaty about banning a particular category of weapons,鈥� Mr. Prins notes. Instead, the ATT would establish a 鈥渟et of standards鈥� for the import and export of arms, with an eye to reducing the flow of arms into conflict zones or into countries where the arms are likely to be used by organized crime or in a way that violates human rights.

For example, the ATT aims to curtail the 鈥渟hopping around鈥� that often occurs when regimes in conflict with some of their own citizens or nonstate groups are denied coveted weapons by one arms-trading country.

In that sense the ATT is more of a human rights treaty than it is a trade agreement. And that aspect is what gives the ATT its most emphatic advocates 鈥揳nd some of its toughest critics.

鈥淔or major exporters, every arms sale is already a balancing act, and what we鈥檙e trying to do [with the ATT] is raise the profile of human rights in that balancing act,鈥� says Natalie Goldring, a senior fellow at Georgetown University鈥檚 Center for Security Studies who is working with the Control Arms coalition of more than 100 international groups to push for a strong ATT agreement.

Organizations from Oxfam to Amnesty International are pressing for a treaty they say would enhance human rights around the world by reducing arms trafficking and the diversion of legitimately acquired weaponry into illicit hands. 鈥淎ny step toward restraining the illicit sale and transfer of weapons used to commit crimes is a good move forward, and the world could use a lot more steps in the direction of ending human rights abuses,鈥� said Amnesty USA鈥檚 chief of campaigns and programs, Michelle Ringuette, recently.

This week, advocates warned that negotiations have led to a watered-down treaty text, and they are demanding a return to stronger standards before the ATT is put to a consensus vote Thursday. Most observers expect a treaty will adopted.

But others say a treaty that aims to curtail the arms trade by using a set of UN-established standards should actually give advocates of universal rights pause.

鈥淭his [ATT] is a human rights instrument; it鈥檚 being promoted for human rights reasons,鈥� says Theodor Bromund, a senior research fellow at the Heritage Foundation in Washington. 鈥淏ut if you look at how human rights are already dealt with in the UN system, it鈥檚 not very encouraging.鈥� Bodies such as the Human Rights Council tend to focus their attention on 鈥渧iolators鈥� like Israel or the US, he says, while members of what he calls the 鈥渃lub of dictators鈥� see their violations overlooked and are even sometimes rewarded with seats on human rights bodies.

鈥淚s that the standard we want to set for the arms trade?鈥� says Dr. Bromund, who is monitoring the ATT negotiations.

The first ATT conference was held last year, but negotiations were suspended after several countries including the US said more time was needed to deliver a satisfactory text. Many human rights advocates speculated at the time that President Obama had no interest in seeing an international arms treaty become an issue in the presidential election.

The UN General Assembly voted in December to try again with a another conference, and this year the Obama administration has endorsed adoption of the ATT. In a statement, Secretary of State John Kerry said, 鈥淲e support a treaty that will bring all countries closer to existing聽international聽best聽practices, which we already observe, while preserving national decisions to transfer conventional arms responsibly.鈥� 聽 聽 聽 聽 聽

At least 100 countries do not have controls in place for regulating international conventional arms transfers, Secretary Kerry notes. A treaty would help 鈥渞esponsible nations鈥� reduce the risk that arms would be used to carry out 鈥渢he world鈥檚 worst crimes,鈥� he adds.

But Kerry also emphasized in his statement that the US 鈥渨ill not support any treaty that would be inconsistent with US law and the rights of American citizens under our Constitution, including the Second Amendment.鈥�

Despite such assurances, gun-rights advocates in the US see a more sinister intent behind the proposed treaty.

The National Rifle Association sees the ATT as an international attempt to control personal weapons. NRA CEO Wayne LaPierre has not appeared at this year鈥檚 conference, but last year he told delegates that 鈥渃ivilian firearms鈥� should be exempt from the treaty. NRA offshoots including the World Forum on Shooting Activities blast the treaty as a veiled attempt by governments to deny citizens their right to guns. 聽

In Washington, Sen. John Cornyn (R) of Texas says the ATT 鈥渞aises sovereignty concerns鈥� and would adversely affect the public鈥檚 access to a variety of firearms. 鈥淟aw-abidng Texans who are in the market for an imported shotgun, pistol, or rifle ought to be very concerned about鈥� the ATT鈥檚 impact on gun imports, he said in a statement. About one-third of personal firearms in the US are imported.

Over the weekend, Sen. James Inhofe (R) of Oklahoma attached to the Senate budget an amendment that would prohibit the US from signing the ATT.

A particularly vehement opponent of the ATT is former US ambassador to the UN John Bolton. The former Bush administration diplomat says US support for the ATT is evidence that Obama is intent on submitting the US to 鈥渁n international control agenda.鈥� He claims, as he said in a recent radio interview, that the ATT would force the US 鈥渢o change our gun control laws鈥� while 鈥渞ogue states and dictatorships around the world would just go their own way.鈥�

Georgetown鈥檚 Dr. Goldring says the ATT would actually have little impact on the US arms trade 鈥渂ecause we already have a robust system鈥� 鈥� although she says treaty advocates 鈥渄o hope that under the ATT the US would enforce current laws more rigorously.鈥�

Bromund, at the Heritage Foundation, says he has little use for the 鈥淯N gun grab argument,鈥� not only because it鈥檚 not true but also because it detracts attention from what he sees as the real problems with the ATT.

"This treaty is not going to have an immediate catastrophic impact if it鈥檚 approved,鈥� he says. But he worries it will become a source of pressure on the US 鈥渙ver time,鈥� for example concerning arms sales to Israel or Taiwan.

In the meantime, he adds, the world鈥檚 dictators and weak states aren鈥檛 likely to mend their ways as a result of the ATT. 鈥淚n the end these are governance issues,鈥� Bromund adds, 鈥渁nd it鈥檚 not clear how a treaty addresses that.鈥�