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For many high school seniors and others hoping to attend college next year, the last few months have become a stress-filled struggle to complete the trouble-prone, much-maligned FAFSA,聽or Free Application for Federal Student Aid.

The rollout of this updated and supposedly simplified form was so delayed, error-ridden, and confusing that it has derailed or severely complicated college decisions for millions of students throughout the United States, especially those from low-income, first-generation, and unauthorized immigrant families.聽

The bureaucratic mess is also holding up decisions by private scholarship programs and adding to public skepticism about the value of higher education 鈥� threatening progress in efforts to get more Americans to and through college.聽

To see the impact in person, The Hechinger Report sent reporters to schools in four cities 鈥� San Francisco, Chicago, Baltimore, and Greenville, South Carolina 鈥� to hear students鈥� stories. Because we found them through schools, most of those we interviewed had counselors helping them. For the millions of students who don鈥檛, it鈥檚 an even more daunting task.聽

鈥淚t was stressing me every day,鈥� said one San Francisco senior who was accepted to 16 colleges but could not attend without substantial financial aid. Some became so frustrated they gave up, at least for now. Others said they will turn to trade schools or the military.聽

Students whose parents are unauthorized immigrants had special worries, including concern that naming their parents would bring immigration penalties (although the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act forbids FAFSA officials from sharing family information).

To give students more time to weigh options, more than 200 colleges and universities pushed back their traditional May 1 commitment deadlines, some until June 1, according to the American Council on Education, which keeps an updated list.聽

Despite heroic efforts by counselors and a slew of public FAFSA-signing events, just 40.2%聽of high school seniors had completed the FAFSA as of May 10, in contrast to 49.6% of last year鈥檚 seniors at the same time, according to the National College Attainment Network. The numbers do not bode well for college enrollment, nor for the many high school graduates who will not get the benefits of higher education.聽聽

San Francisco: 鈥淐ollege is my first choice鈥澛�

No one in Damiana Beltran鈥檚 family went to college, so she didn鈥檛 picture it in her future. But at the end of her junior year, 鈥渆verybody鈥� at Mission High School in San Francisco started talking about applying, so she did. San Jos茅 State University admitted her, along with a few other schools. Excited, Beltran entertained visions of becoming a psychologist and showing her younger brother that 鈥測ou don鈥檛 have to be from the wealthiest family鈥� to go to college.聽

But the online FAFSA form wouldn鈥檛 let Beltran, who is a U.S. citizen, submit her application because her mother, who isn鈥檛, doesn鈥檛 have a Social Security number. They tried using her individual taxpayer identification number but got an error message. Leaving the field blank didn鈥檛 work either. Beltran鈥檚 mother skipped work to get help at the school鈥檚 Future Center, but still, no dice. Eventually, they mailed in a paper version.

When May 1 passed with no offer of aid 鈥� or even an indication that her FAFSA had been received 鈥� Beltran decided to give up on attending the schools that would require her to pay for housing and a meal plan. If she went to nearby San Francisco State University, living at home would mean not asking her mother to take on debt. 鈥淚 want to go to San Jos茅, but I don鈥檛 want to do that to her,鈥� a teary Beltran said in April. 鈥淚 think about it a lot during classes. During the whole school day, it鈥檚 in the back of my head.鈥� She鈥檚 had trouble sleeping.

Her classmate Josue Hernandez also lost sleep over the FAFSA. It took him about a month and two submission attempts to upload his undocumented parents鈥� IDs to verify their identity, he said. Once he did, it took about three weeks to process. The senior, who had been accepted into 16 schools, thought, 鈥淚t was 12 years of hard work, and I finally got in, but I might not even be able to go.鈥澛�

Hernandez鈥檚 other hope was scholarships. He cut back his hours at an after-school job to work on the applications and then stayed up late to do the homework he鈥檇 pushed aside. Most of his free periods, including lunches, went to figuring out how to pay for college. 鈥淚t was stressing me every day,鈥� Hernandez said.聽

Finally, the University of California, Berkeley, told him that his FAFSA had gone through, and financial aid would pay for almost everything; the SEED Scholars Honors Program would likely take care of the rest. 鈥淚t鈥檚 finally over,鈥� he said.聽

That鈥檚 not quite how Alessandro Mejia鈥檚 story went. As a senior in the challenging Game Design Academy at Balboa High School, he has the coding skills to major in computer science at one of the four-year colleges he got into. 鈥淐ollege is my first choice,鈥� Mejia said, but making it work financially 鈥渨ould just be much harder on our family.鈥� He was eyeing trade school, saying 鈥渂eing an electrician or a car mechanic doesn鈥檛 seem too bad.鈥� Of abandoning a tech career, he said, 鈥淚鈥檓 a little frustrated, but I feel like I developed a good work ethic in school so 鈥� it鈥檚 not completely a waste.鈥�

School counselor Katherine Valle listened to Mejia and shook her head. The Game Design Academy, she said, 鈥渋s our hardest pathway, and we don鈥檛 have a lot of Latino males in it. To know he did that and is going to end up being a mechanic is just 鈥︹�� She couldn鈥檛 find words.聽

But with less than a week to spare, Mejia learned his FAFSA had finally been processed, and he committed to San Francisco State. For Beltran, though, as the May 15 deadline passed, she was 鈥渟till waiting for my FAFSA to come in,鈥� and hadn鈥檛 submitted an intent to register.

Chicago: 鈥淚t really put me on edge鈥�

Samaya Acker stayed on top of her college plans all year. She applied for early action admission at 17 colleges, submitted her FAFSA application two days after the window opened, and came up with a backup plan to join the military, just in case.

Acker, a senior at Air Force Academy High School on Chicago鈥檚 South Side who has 鈥淧ower鈥� tattooed in script on her arm, was accepted by 16 colleges (her top choice, the University of Chicago, was the only one to turn her down) and planned to spend a few months in the Air National Guard to help pay for college. But as scholarship and deposit deadlines approached, her FAFSA application was still classified as 鈥減ending鈥� three months after she submitted it.

鈥淚t really put me on edge,鈥� said Acker, whose high school years were interrupted first by Covid and then by the birth of her son halfway through her sophomore year, but who still is graduating with a weighted grade-point average over 4.0.

Just before the college commitment deadlines, Acker was awarded a Gates Scholarship, which pays the full cost of college for high-achieving students from underrepresented groups. Acker, who is Black, accepted her offer of admission from Chicago鈥檚 Loyola University, where tuition alone is more than $52,000 per year. She plans to become an anesthesiologist. (The Gates Foundation is among the many funders of The Hechinger Report.)

A few miles away, a group of students at Hubbard High School in southwest Chicago were not as fortunate.聽

The FAFSA delays created unique challenges for students with unauthorized immigrant parents, including many at Hubbard. Four seniors whose parents are unauthorized immigrants said they had spent months waiting for the federal government to fix a glitch that prevented parents without Social Security numbers from submitting financial information.聽

The glitch was finally fixed, but all four were still waiting, in early May, to find out how much financial aid they might receive.聽

鈥淭here鈥檚 really not much I can do,鈥� said Javier Magana, who was still trying to figure out whether he could afford any of the colleges that had accepted him. 鈥淚t鈥檚 definitely been frustrating because I鈥檝e been trying my best.鈥�

Ixchel Ortiz, plans to go to a Chicago community college, but said that if she didn鈥檛 receive financial aid, even that would have to wait.

Isaac Raygoza and Octavio Rodriguez said they had a few four-year college options but likely wouldn鈥檛 be able to pursue any of them without a FAFSA answer.

Rodriguez said he had been repeatedly frustrated by the FAFSA. 鈥淚 would go home and wait 20 to 30 minutes on hold, and we didn鈥檛 get anywhere,鈥� he said. In late April he was notified that he had misspelled his own name on the application; in mid-May, he was still waiting to hear whether he needed to re-apply from scratch.

鈥淚鈥檓 slightly stressed,鈥� he said.

Raygoza said he had submitted his application on time but had failed to notice an error message that prevented it from being processed. He resubmitted it in late April.

鈥淚 was just shocked it was never processed,鈥� he said. 鈥淚 had to do it all again.鈥�

All four said they would likely take a year off to work if they didn鈥檛 get aid.聽

Baltimore: 鈥淢oney was a big factor鈥�

At the Academy for College and Career Exploration in Baltimore, juniors and seniors have weekly class, run by the nonprofit organization iMentor, to help them understand and pursue postsecondary options, including colleges and various types of financial aid. Counselor LaToia Lyle worries about the long delays with FAFSA, because most of her students are low-income and will be first-generation college students, so they don鈥檛 always have someone to help them at home, and the delays could mean decisions had to be made quickly.聽聽

She helps them compare tuition costs and reminds them that housing deposits are not refundable and book fees add up. 鈥淓ven gaps as small as $500 can make a difference,鈥� she said.

For Zion Wilson and Camryn Carter, both seniors, the delays and the need to constantly try to log into FAFSA accounts that froze were frustrating, but both students said they were relieved when glitches with the forms meant their college admission deadlines got pushed back.聽

鈥淭he last thing I wanted to do was make a fast-paced decision,鈥� said Wilson. 鈥淚 kept bouncing between different things. I felt the FAFSA delay gave me more of a chance to decide what I actually wanted to do.鈥澛�

She had applied for computer science programs at several colleges but was nervous about taking out loans. Even though Baltimore City Community College would be tuition-free for her, she worried she wouldn鈥檛 have enough money to spend if she wasn鈥檛 working. But her family wanted her to go to college, especially because her elder sister had enrolled but dropped out after the first year.聽

Wilson was admitted to her top three choices 鈥� BCCC, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, and Coppin State University 鈥� but even with scholarships, she decided not to go. Instead, Wilson plans to go straight into the workforce through a program called Grads2Careers, where she will get training in information technology.

鈥淚t kind of sounded like I can just do the exact same thing that I would be doing if I went to college, but I can just start now versus waiting two years to start,鈥� Wilson said. After a two-week training period, she will be paid between $15 and $17 an hour, she said.聽

In the end, she filled out her portion of the FAFSA, but told her parents not to do theirs. 鈥淲hy make my parents do this long thing and put in their tax information, if I鈥檓 not going anywhere that requires it?鈥澛�

Wilson is relieved not to have to think about college anymore. 鈥淚 think I made the right choice, and having some money in my pocket will also be a good push for me to continue to advance up.鈥�

Her classmate Carter is a serious student who is also on the baseball, wrestling, and track teams. He has never wavered from his childhood decision to study biology. It began, he said, when he was about four years old, and his grandmother tuned to the National Geographic channel on TV.

鈥淚 was like, 鈥榮top, stop, stop,鈥� 鈥� he said, recalling the video of a lion attacking a zebra. Carter was hooked. He started watching the channel every day. 鈥淚 fell in love with ants, ecosystems, that just sparked my interest in biology.鈥澛�

Carter applied to 14 colleges. He said filling out all the forms was challenging because the delayed release of the FAFSA meant he was doing it at the same time as he was taking a demanding course load, including AP Literature and AP Calculus. 鈥淚t was really time-consuming and really work-heavy with a lot of essays, a lot of homework,鈥� he said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 pretty tough to do that at the same time while I鈥檓 doing college supplemental essays and my personal statement.鈥澛犅�

But the FAFSA delay also meant that his mother had more time to finish the form, something she had been putting off for months. Because he is the oldest of four children, his mom hadn鈥檛 had to complete a form like this before that asks for a lot of personal information, including tax data, he said.聽

鈥淢y mom was just brushing over it,鈥� he said. 鈥淏ut I was like, 鈥楴o, you really have to do this because this is for my future. Like, you don鈥檛 do this, I鈥檒l have so much debt.鈥� So I was just telling her to please do this and please get on it.鈥澛�

She did, but Carter said it likely wouldn鈥檛 have happened without the delay.聽

Carter got into his dream school, the University of Maryland, College Park, with a full scholarship, including tuition, meals, and accommodation. His second choice, McDaniel College, also offered him a generous scholarship, but he says he still would have ended up paying $6,000 a year, which he didn鈥檛 want to do. 鈥淒efinitely money was a big factor,鈥� he said. He said he鈥檚 excited about starting a new chapter in September: 鈥淚 feel like UMD is the perfect fit for me.鈥澛�

Greenville: 鈥淲e鈥檙e just playing the waiting game鈥�

Chylicia and Chy鈥橩yla Henderson worked hard to graduate early from Eastside High School in Greenville, South Carolina. The sisters filled their schedules and took virtual classes as well, so that Chylicia could be done with school a semester early and Chy鈥橩yla could graduate after her junior year. Both want to attend college but need financial aid to afford it.聽

Their mom, Nichole Henderson, said the stress of trying to fill out both their FAFSA forms led her to take her daughters and two other graduating seniors she knew to a FAFSA workshop at a local college in April. Even with help from someone there, she found the forms confusing 鈥� Chylicia鈥檚 asked for Nichole鈥檚 tax information, she said, but Chy鈥橩yla鈥檚 did not.聽

鈥淎s a parent, it鈥檚 stressful,鈥� Nichole said.聽聽

Chylicia is thinking about pursuing a degree in nursing or social work, and leaning toward starting at Greenville Technical College, a community college. But the school emailed her saying they needed more information on her financial aid application; but it wasn鈥檛 clear if the issue stemmed from the FAFSA form or something else, she said.聽

Then, on May 8, she got an email from South Carolina Tuition Grants, a program that provides up to $4,800 in need-based scholarships, saying she was tentatively approved for the full amount. She still hasn鈥檛 resolved the paperwork at Greenville Technical College, though, and so isn鈥檛 sure yet whether she can enroll there.聽

And if Chylicia鈥檚 application is missing information, the family worries that Chy鈥橩yla鈥檚 will have the same issue. Like her sister, she鈥檚 considering starting at a community college, but by May 8, she hadn鈥檛 received word about financial aid from any schools or from any need-based scholarship programs.

鈥淲e鈥檙e just playing the waiting game,鈥� their mother said.聽

At J.L. Mann High School, also in Greenville County, students normally start filling out FAFSA forms with their parents sometime in the fall, but this year, they couldn鈥檛 access the form until January.聽

The delay created some challenging decisions for students like Braden Freeman, who is the student body president at J.L. Mann. He submitted his FAFSA in January, right after it opened. In March, he was told he got a full scholarship to attend Southern Methodist University in Texas 鈥� but by May 1, he still hadn鈥檛 heard back from his other top choices, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the University of Virginia, on how much aid he would get. Those colleges had pushed back their decision deadlines because of the FAFSA delays.

Instead of waiting to hear back from UNC and UVA, Freeman decided to put a deposit down at Southern Methodist, whose deadline was May 1. The full scholarship from SMU was a big factor in his decision.聽聽

Both the UNC and UVA eventually sent Freeman his financial aid packages a week before their deadline to enroll, which was May 15. Freeman said he still planned to attend Southern Methodist.

This story about FAFSA applications was produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education. Try the Offer Letter Decoder.