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Controversies emanating of late from the White House afford opportunity to review our vocabulary for ways officials are made 鈥渁vailable鈥� to the news media 鈥� or not.

The plain-vanilla term here is briefing, as in daily press briefing, on the record, indeed, often 鈥渓ive on camera,鈥� as at the US State Department.聽

Briefing is from the Latin brevis, 鈥渟hort,鈥� and so the idea is a 鈥渃oncise summary.鈥� That didn鈥檛 prevent one journalist, as quoted by Politico, from expressing hope of getting 鈥渇ulsome鈥� answers to reporters鈥� questions once regular briefings resumed at State in early March after several weeks鈥� hiatus under the new administration. (鈥淔ull鈥� would have been the better word.)聽

When is a briefing not a briefing? When it is a gaggle. Anyone who didn鈥檛 already know gaggle got a chance to learn it Feb. 24. The meeting White House press secretary Sean Spicer held in his office that day instead of the usual daily live televised session in the White House briefing room was called a 鈥済aggle.鈥�

It made headlines because of who was excluded: The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, CNN, BuzzFeed, Politico, The Guardian, and the BBC.聽

Gaggle sounds like fun. But its etymology should give defenders of press freedom pause. The word goes back to the late 15th century, the Online Etymology Dictionary reports. It was used 鈥渨ith reference to both geese and women (on the notion of 鈥榗hattering company鈥�).鈥� The word may come from an Old Norse word for small goose or gosling. The Oxford English Dictionary has another theory: Gaggle may derive from a Middle English verb meaning 鈥渃ackle.鈥澛�

So, dear media colleagues, how do you like being compared to harmlessly cackling geese? Not great? Maybe we need less gaggle and more scrum.聽

Media scrum comes to American English from the political journalism of the rugby-playing peoples.

A rugby scrum is a 鈥減lay in which the forwards of each side come together in a tight formation and struggle to gain possession of the ball using their feet when it is tossed in among them,鈥� Merriam-Webster says; or alternatively, this tight formation itself.

Macmillan鈥檚 broader sense of scrum is 鈥渁 confused crowd of people pressed close together and trying to get something or speak to someone.鈥澛�

That may not sound much better than harmless cackling, but politicians often do blurt out the truth in media scrums.聽

Photo spray, or more fully pool photo spray, is another term we鈥檝e seen recently. It鈥檚 defined as a very brief 鈥減hoto op.鈥�

During a recent 鈥減hoto spray鈥� as Secretary of State Rex Tillerson received the visiting Ukrainian foreign minister, MSNBC correspondent Andrea Mitchell had the effrontery to ask questions. The secretary smiled and steadfastly said not a word. Ms. Mitchell was 鈥渆scorted out.鈥澛� This was the second such episode.聽

The new president wanted a photogenic cabinet. Secretary Tillerson鈥檚 actions suggest we have a top diplomat who knows how to be seen and not heard.