海角大神

When Amy Olsen wants to have a video chat with her family, she has to drive four miles to the parking lot of the Lowell, Vermont, town clerk to use the free Wi-Fi.

None of Lowell鈥檚 879 or so residents have access to direct broadband service, according to BroadbandNow, a company that helps people find and compare internet service providers. The closest anyone there can get is 鈥渇ixed wireless,鈥� which uses outdoor directional antennas to broadcast radio signals to residential Wi-Fi gateways. But for that, you need to live close enough to an antenna. Ms. Olsen doesn鈥檛.

Instead she uses a sluggish satellite connection, which is fine for sending email and downloading web pages, but not for much else. Video, she says, is 鈥渟low and bouncy.鈥�

Ms. Olsen is far from alone. As endless social media feeds and YouTube videos emphasize that 鈥淲e鈥檙e all in this together,鈥� a huge swath of the population is finding itself digitally erased from the conversation. Some 42 million Americans, and a quarter of all rural residents, lack access to broadband, according to a February 2020 report from BroadbandNow. Even among those who live in places where broadband is offered, for many, it remains out of reach: Just 41% of households with incomes below $20,000 have broadband at home.

Editor鈥檚 note: As a public service,聽all our coronavirus coverage聽is free. No paywall.

As the coronavirus pandemic forces Americans out of their workplaces, classrooms, and social spaces, and into their homes, the internet has become, for many, the only link to society. Amid a steady stream of news stories about teleconferencing, remote learning, and Netflix binging, those without reliable online access are finding themselves shut out.聽

鈥淲hen you鈥檙e online and most of your people are online, it feels like we鈥檙e all online,鈥� says Jessamyn West,聽a Vermont librarian who teaches people how to use computers. 鈥淏ut the whole world is bigger than what鈥檚 on the internet.鈥�

On Monday, a bipartisan quartet of lawmakers urged Congress to include dedicated broadband funding for students and low-income families in the fourth coronavirus response package. In a letter to congressional leaders, two Republicans, Sen. Kevin Cramer of North Dakota and Rep. Roger Marshall of Kansas, and two Democrats, Sen. Amy Klobuchar of Minnesota and Rep. Peter Welch of Vermont, wrote that, absent legislation, 鈥渟mall providers may be unable to continue to help ensure that the communities they serve can access distance learning and telehealth services.鈥�

A vicious cycle

Several studies have demonstrated a strong link between broadband access and economic prosperity. An analysis conducted by Microsoft published last April found that U.S. counties with the highest unemployment also had the lowest broadband usage.

鈥淟ow-income areas tend to be more rural,鈥� says Tyler Cooper, BroadbandNow鈥檚 editor-in-chief. 鈥淭hat creates sort of a vicious cycle.鈥�

Municipal broadband initiatives, however, can help turn this vicious cycle into a virtuous one. Mr. Cooper cites Chattanooga, Tennessee, where, in 2010, the city鈥檚 Electric Power Board began offering fiber-optic connections to all residents. Today, the city boasts download speeds of 1 gigabit per second, about 40 times the national average.聽

鈥淭en years ago, that town was kind of a ghost town,鈥� says Mr. Cooper. 鈥淲hen this network came into play, all of a sudden you had these really attractive prospects for companies.鈥�

Within five years, Chattanooga, whose population stands at about 180,000, had generated between 2,800 and 5,200 new jobs, according to a study by the utility, and its lightning-fast broadband speeds had earned it a new nickname: 鈥淕ig City.鈥�

Of course, having the option of purchasing high-speed internet is only part of the puzzle. You also need to be able to afford it. A recent study by the U.K. internet comparison site Cable found that prices in the United States, the country that created the internet, ranked 119th out of 195 nations, with an average internet package costing $67.69 a month. The same package in Mexico, by comparison, costs $33.15, and in Canada it costs $34.86.

The result is a sharp divide along racial and class lines over who has broadband; one that, like all such divides, is becoming starker as the pandemic lockdown wears on. According to a 2015 Pew report, just 54% of black Americans and 50% of Hispanic residents have broadband at home, compared with 72% of their white counterparts. According to the report, more Americans are relying on their smartphones to get online, which works fine for consuming content, but is difficult for, say, composing a r茅sum茅.

鈥淲e鈥檙e all participating in this mass experiment. We鈥檙e shifting large amounts of our economy into this online world,鈥� says Mr. Cooper. 鈥淲ithout a doubt this crisis will show us pretty definitively the importance of broadband in the home.鈥�

Prerequisite for modern life?

America鈥檚 digital divide is not just about access to technology, says Ms. West, but what she calls 鈥渄igital readiness,鈥� which she defines as 鈥渢he combination of skills, but also trust plus willingness鈥� to use technology.

鈥淚t鈥檚 not just, can you click a button?鈥� she says. 鈥淚t鈥檚, do you understand how the systems work so that you can use the tools?鈥�

鈥淭he skills are one set of things you teach people,鈥� says Ms. West. 鈥淏ut even if somebody told you how to do copy and paste, if you don鈥檛 know how to evaluate a website, or you don鈥檛 know how to go through all the hurdles of putting your credit card online, you鈥檙e in a not-as-ready position to do the things you need to do.鈥�

For students, the sudden shift to online learning can widen this gap. Now, some students are having their education streamed to them on home computers in their parents鈥� home offices, while others are making do with their phones in crowded apartments.聽

鈥淓ducation was in some ways the great leveler for a universal basic level of study,鈥� says Ms. West. 鈥淓veryone gets a clean bathroom and a meal they can afford and an education that is geared more or less toward everybody.鈥�

For Ms. Olsen, a librarian at the Lanpher Memorial Library in Hyde Park, Vermont, and聽the president of the Vermont Library Association, her lack of reliable internet access forced her family to make a wrenching choice: Her two children, students at the University of Vermont in Burlington, are spending the lockdown not back at home, but with friends who have broadband.

鈥淚t was a hard decision,鈥� she says. 鈥淚 can call, but I can鈥檛 see their faces.鈥�

As the lockdown drags on, a number of internet service providers are attempting to ensure access. Comcast, for instance, has agreed not to disconnect anyone鈥檚 service or charge late fees. Along with Charter Communications, the company has agreed to open free Wi-Fi hotspots across the country. Comcast, Charter, and Spectrum are also offering free trial periods of 60 or 90 days to low-income households. And, around the country, many school districts are repurposing their buses as mobile Wi-Fi hotspots, to help ensure that their students stay connected.

鈥淚t鈥檚 encouraging to see ISPs rising to the occasion,鈥� says Mr. Cooper. 鈥淭he internet is no longer a luxury. It鈥檚 really a prerequisite for participating in modern life.鈥�

Editor鈥檚 note: As a public service,聽all our coronavirus coverage聽is free. No paywall.