海角大神

Like many children, Jordan Mallon had lots of ideas about what he wanted to be when he grew up. He harbored dreams of being a professional hockey player or perhaps an artist, and he was fascinated by dinosaurs.

Then, in the summer of 1993, Jordan鈥檚 father took him to see 鈥淛urassic Park.鈥� After the credits rolled and the lights came up in the movie theater, 11-year-old Jordan could see his future before him. That night, he said to his mother, 鈥淢om, I want to be a paleontologist.鈥�

鈥淭hat was a turning point. That movie really struck a chord with me,鈥� recalls Dr. Mallon, now a dinosaur paleontologist at the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa. 鈥淚 didn鈥檛 change my focus. Never did I ever waver.鈥�

After 鈥淛urassic Park鈥� premi猫red June 11, 1993, tens of millions of people flocked to movie theaters to see the captivating creatures that once roamed the planet. The film ignited a firestorm of public interest in dinosaurs and, by extension, paleontology. This newfound popularity set off a sequence of events that would ultimately bring a flood of new scientists, kick off a golden age of dinosaur discoveries, and forever change paleontology.聽

鈥淧aleontology as a field owes a huge debt of gratitude to 鈥楯urassic Park.鈥� I think our field would be very, very different today if 鈥楯urassic Park鈥� had never happened,鈥� says Steve Brusatte, a paleontologist at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. In 2013, the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology presented filmmaker Steven Spielberg with an award to recognize the effect the movie has had on the field.聽

Twenty-five years later, the 鈥淛urassic Park鈥� franchise is still captivating audiences. The fifth film in the series, 鈥淛urassic World: Fallen Kingdom,鈥� is set to premi猫re June 22.聽

Revolutionizing dinosaurs

It鈥檚 hard to imagine now, but dinosaurs were once seen as sluggish, stupid monsters that were coldblooded evolutionary losers not worthy of study because they had no descendants alive today. In fact, for years the beasts were seen as so boring that when a young Jack Horner, a paleontologist who ultimately advised 鈥淛urassic Park鈥� filmmakers, told a professor that he wanted to study dinosaurs, he was laughed at.聽

But a 鈥渄inosaur renaissance鈥� in the 1960s and 鈥�70s gave rise to a new scientific view of dinosaurs as active and intelligent animals that were warmblooded relatives of modern-day birds. It was that new understanding of dinosaurs that set the stage for Michael Crichton鈥檚 1990 novel, 鈥淛urassic Park.鈥� The film adaptation brought the vision of dinosaurs as dynamic creatures to life in the public eye with groundbreaking computer-generated imagery.

鈥淭hey really seemed like they were alive, like they were real animals,鈥� says Thomas Cullen, a postdoctoral research scientist at The Field Museum in Chicago.

These silver-screen dinosaurs were no longer creatures emerging from the mist of imaginative mysticism or just boring old bones in museums. Instead, they were animals grounded in the reality of natural history that warranted fascination in their own right.

鈥淭hey weren鈥檛 monsters and they weren鈥檛 cartoons,鈥� says Victoria Arbour, a postdoctoral fellow at the Royal Ontario Museum and University of Toronto. 鈥淸The film] really emphasized dinosaurs as real living creatures that were animals that lived on Earth.... That really inspired me to view them as things that we could learn more about how they lived.鈥�

Beyond child鈥檚 play

These charismatic, prehistoric movie stars energized hordes of moviegoers to learn more about real dinosaurs. Museums saw an influx of visitors to their dinosaur exhibits.

鈥淥ne of the best things that 鈥楯urassic Park鈥� did for the field was instill or feed this inherent curiosity that we have about dinosaurs,鈥� says Mary Schweitzer, a paleontologist at North Carolina State University in Raleigh.聽

And the film stirred intrigue in people of all ages, says Matthew Carrano, curator of Dinosauria at the Smithsonian鈥檚 National Museum of Natural History in Washington. 鈥淣ow adults are as interested as kids. That is a whole demographic change.鈥�

The paleontological community saw an opportunity in this newfound popularity to connect the public with science. Documentaries, television shows, books, and other scientific materials abounded.

Before the film, 鈥渋t was a fair bit of work to maintain your interest [in dinosaurs],鈥� Dr. Carrano says. There was only a handful of books and toys out there, and museum exhibits had largely gone without updates for half a century.聽

鈥淚 would go to the library, and I would read the same books over and over and over,鈥� recalls Carrano, who was in graduate school when 鈥淛urassic Park鈥� came out. But the film鈥檚 popularity changed this in a way that persists today. 鈥淚 can certainly see how different things are. Now, there鈥檚 perhaps 50 new books a year, conservatively.鈥�

All this material in turn generated more excitement, and that fed back into the scientific community. Scientific studies about dinosaurs received more press, paleontologists published more papers, universities began offering courses focused entirely on dinosaurs, and many museums hired dinosaur specialists for the first time.聽

For some dinosaur fans, paleontology鈥檚 new position in the spotlight played a key role in turning a childlike fascination into a more serious interest.

Andrew Farke discovered the allure of dinosaurs as a 4-year-old and was known in his small South Dakota hometown as 鈥渢he dinosaur kid.鈥� So when 鈥淛urassic Park鈥� came out when he was 12, the paleontological discussions that followed crystallized his interest.

鈥淚t was about that time that I transitioned from being a casual dinosaur fan 鈥� I read lots of books 鈥� to really thinking that I wanted to be a paleontologist,鈥� recalls Dr. Farke, now curator of paleontology at the Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology in Claremont, Calif.

The young Farke began to write to paleontologists with his own ideas about how dinosaurs may have looked, moved, and eaten. 鈥淚 didn鈥檛 know it at the time, but that was the start of my professional colleagues and friends,鈥� he says.

A golden age for dinosaur science

鈥淛urassic Park鈥� made not only dinosaurs cool, but also the scientists who have devoted their lives to studying them. The film offered a fresh view of scientists whom children like Farke might look to as role models.

鈥淚n a lot of movies, scientists are either evil, or they鈥檙e these emotionless, really sterile people,鈥� says Sarah Werning, an assistant professor of anatomy at Des Moines University in Iowa. But in 鈥淛urassic Park,鈥� the scientists were people whom the audience could identify with. Their awe was something the audience shared.聽

The film includes the strong female characters of scientist Ellie Sattler and Lex, the computer-whiz granddaughter of the theme park鈥檚 owner (portrayed by Laura Dern and Ariana Richards, respectively).

鈥淗aving both a male and a female paleontologist in the movie was really important,鈥� says Dr. Arbour, the postdoctoral fellow. And it wasn鈥檛 just Dr. Sattler鈥檚 presence in the film that made a difference, she says: 鈥淪he鈥檚 presented as very normal. It鈥檚 not weird that she鈥檚 a woman and doing science. They didn鈥檛 make a big deal about it. She was just there, and she was smart, and people respected her.鈥�

The surge of scientists entering the field who were touched by 鈥淛urassic Park鈥� helped usher in a wave of new discoveries. From 1984 to 1994, about 15 new dinosaur species were named each year. That number has risen to about 50 with no sign of slowing down. Some have dubbed this a golden age of discovery.

鈥� 鈥楯urassic Park鈥� came out of a scientific revolution in dinosaur studies, and then it feeds back into one,鈥� Carrano says.

With new specimens flooding in over the past quarter century, dinosaurs have proved to be an incredibly diverse group that continually surprises. While some are behemoth carnivores, others are herbivores. Dinosaurs come in all shapes and sizes, too. Some have armorlike scales and clubs for tails, while others have horns or frills or feathers. The relationship between birds and dinosaurs has been better documented as well. Current scientific consensus is that birds are a group of theropod dinosaurs (so not all dinosaurs died out in the end-Cretaceous mass extinction).

The popular press and the public have eaten up these discoveries.聽

A gateway to science

Michelle Stocker grew up with the excitement around 鈥淛urassic Park,鈥� but it wasn鈥檛 until after she became a professional paleontologist that she really felt the influence of the franchise.

鈥淚t鈥檚 the way that much of the public sees paleontology and dinosaurs,鈥� she says. And scientists make use of that. Museum curators can anticipate visitors鈥� questions and design displays to answer them. Paleontologists can also hold outreach events linked to the latest movie in the franchise.聽

鈥淚t鈥檚 the point of entry for talking about the science that we do with so many people,鈥� says Dr. Stocker, a paleontologist at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in Blacksburg.

Still, some paleontologists see the dinosaur frenzy stirred up by the 鈥淛urassic Park鈥� movies as a 鈥渄ouble-edged sword,鈥� says Ali Nabavizadeh, an assistant professor of anatomy at Cooper Medical School of Rowan University in Camden, N.J., because the dinosaurs aren鈥檛 all depicted accurately in the films. 鈥淚t hypes people up about dinosaurs, but then the kids start believing certain things about how a dinosaur looks or how dinosaurs lived that are not necessarily true.鈥�

The original film largely depicted the animals based on scientific models that were current in the early 1990s. But the filmmakers did take some creative liberties. For example, the movie-star raptors were actually large versions of Deinonychus, not Velociraptor. The real Velociraptor was closer to the size of a turkey.

Some of the original 鈥淛urassic Park鈥� dinosaurs are now outdated, too, thanks to new scientific discoveries. With the view back then of dinosaurs as particularly agile and energetic, it wasn鈥檛 a stretch to imagine a speedy Tyrannosaurus rex that could run down a Jeep with three tasty humans in it. But subsequent research found that the body mechanics of T. rex was such that a quick-footed human could probably outrun the dinosaur.聽

The latest criticism comes from scientists irked that dinosaurs now known to have had feathers (like Velociraptor) haven鈥檛 gotten an updated look in the most recent films.聽

But paleontologists can also leverage those inaccuracies to explain to the interested public how they know what they know 鈥� or don鈥檛 鈥� about how a dinosaur looked and acted from examining fossils.

In that sense, dinosaurs can be a gateway to science more generally. 鈥淚f you use dinosaurs correctly, you feed the hunger for how we do science,鈥� says Dr. Schweitzer at North Carolina State.

That鈥檚 just what happened for Rowan University鈥檚 Dr. Nabavizadeh as a child. After seeing 鈥淛urassic Park鈥� as a 6-year-old, 鈥渢he excitement I got in seeing the dinosaurs alive and in the flesh made me start to wonder, was this really what they looked like?鈥� he says. 鈥淗ow can we tell anatomically? Were there special features that we don鈥檛 know about just from the bones?鈥�

Something similar happened for Thomas Adams, although he was no longer a child in 1993. Dr. Adams was 25 and managing record stores when the film came out. All the hubbub prompted him to change careers.

鈥淧eople don鈥檛 believe me when I say it, [but] I became a paleontologist because of 鈥楯urassic Park,鈥� 鈥� says Adams, who is now curator of paleontology and geology at the Witte Museum in San Antonio.聽

Adams had disliked school in his youth, but 鈥淛urassic Park鈥� sparked a kind of academic curiosity he had never experienced before.

鈥淚 found that if you have this passion for something, everything else you learn is so important and so relevant to what you鈥檙e doing that it makes it fun to learn,鈥� Adams says. 鈥淚 rediscovered learning.鈥�