海角大神

Born about 1595, Jane hailed from England's southern coast. She was likely the daughter of a gentleman, and her ship to the Americas likely arrived at聽James Fort聽in August 1609. It turned out to be one of the worst possible times to land at聽the New World's first permanent English settlement.聽

Jane died that year, or possibly early the following year, and her flesh was eaten by her fellow settlers to fend off starvation.

These are the conclusions of those who examined Jane's bones, which represent the first physical evidence of cannibalism in Colonial America.聽

What would later become the Jamestown settlement was founded two years earlier, in 1607. In many respects, the site chosen by聽Captain Edward Maria Wingfield, who led the 104 settlers, was ideal. It was surrounded on three sides by navigable water and was a perfect defensive location. Most importantly, the spot was not inhabited by native Americans. 聽

But there was a reason the Indians avoided the site: The land was swampy and unsuited for agriculture, the water brackish and undrinkable, and the air buzzing with mosquitoes. In any case, the settlers arrived too late to plant crops. Within nine months, almost two thirds of the colonists had died.聽

Hundreds more settlers arrived at James Fort, as it was called then, and that meant more mouths to feed. Relations between the colonists and the聽Powhatan Indians, initially friendly, turned sour, and the natives laid siege to the settlement, trapping the colonists inside.聽

The years 1609 and 1610 were known as the "starving time." Of the 500 colonists, only 61 survived.

George Percy, who led the settlers during the starving time, would later describe the desperation:聽

Many historians doubted Percy's accounts of cannibalism, but those doubts are now dispelled. The bones of Jane 鈥� a name the researchers have given to the girl whose identity is unknown 鈥� were spotted in聽a refuse pit along with the skeletal remains of butchered horses and dogs聽by a team of archaeologists led by William Kelso of Preservation Virginia.

"Our team has discovered partial human remains before, but the location of the discovery, visible damage to the skull and marks on the bones immediately made us realize this finding was unusual," said Dr. Kelso in a press release.

Jane's remains were analyzed by Douglas Owsley, a physical anthropologist at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, who concluded, based on the cut marks on her skull and shinbone, that someone had stripped the meat from her bones.

"These people were in dire circumstances. So any flesh that was available would have been used," Dr. Owsley said聽in an interview with Smithsonian Magazine, which broke the story on Wednesday. "The person that was doing this was not experienced and did not know how to butcher an animal. Instead, we see hesitancy, trial, tentativeness and a total lack of experience."

Owsley would know, having聽analyzed many cannibalized remains from ancient history, as well as those of the first victim of Jeffrey Dahmer.

He doubts that Jane was murdered for food, however.聽鈥淚 don鈥檛 think that they killed her, by any stretch,鈥� he told Smithsonian. 鈥淚t's just that they were so desperate, and so hard-pressed, that out of necessity this is what they resorted to.鈥�

Jane's bones revealed other clues about her life. Her molars and the joint below her knee indicated her age, about 14 years old. Isotopes revealed a diet of English rye and barley, and plenty of meat, suggesting an upper-class background. Oxygen molecules indicate an English upbringing near the sea.聽

Using a reproduction of her skull as a model, experts have reconstructed a bust of Jane, which will be on display as part of a new exhibition at Historic Jamestowne, which opens Friday.聽

"The 'starving time' was brought about by a trifecta of disasters: disease, a serious shortage of provisions, and a full scale siege by the Powhatans that cut off Jamestown from outside relief," said Jamestown expert Jim Horn, in a press release. "Survival cannibalism was a last resort; a desperate means of prolonging life at a time when the settlement teetered on the brink of extinction."