海角大神

Two years ago, a charter school in Denver topped the charts in something no school aims to excel at: suspensions. More than 1 in 3 students at the Knowledge Is Power Program鈥檚 Northeast Denver Middle School were suspended from school in 2016-17. The KIPP school鈥檚 total, 160, was higher than in any of Denver鈥檚 public schools that school year.

鈥淚t was pretty obvious that there was a need for change,鈥� says Dave Vaale, a longtime counselor to at-risk youth who was brought in to transform the school鈥檚 approach to discipline.

His mandate: to move the school away from a 鈥渘o-excuses鈥� style of discipline, not just for the sake of reducing suspensions but to improve overall outcomes for students.

It鈥檚 part of a significant about-face nationwide in charter schools, including those in the KIPP network of free college-prep schools. Educators are moving away from tough-nosed disciplinary tactics, mirroring a similar trend in mainstream public schools, and going even further recently to ensure their tactical shifts are effective.

The changes can provoke pushback from teachers and even some parents who grew up believing sparing the rod means spoiling the child. But leaders in education say they are finding that it鈥檚 possible to combine high expectations with a supportive culture that acknowledges the stresses that children often face at home.

鈥淚n the classrooms where this was first happening, it made a huge difference, in terms of classroom management, the culture of the classrooms and in terms of kids鈥� academic capabilities,鈥� says Kimberlee Sia, chief executive officer of KIPP Colorado. 鈥淭here wasn鈥檛 that nitpicking of all the previous things kids had been disciplined for.鈥�

Mr. Vaale says the Northeast Denver Middle School, where he is now the director of culture, will likely suspend closer to 30 students this year. The changed approach has also coincided with improved attendance and better student morale.

And across the nation in recent years, a growing number of public schools from Los Angeles to Raleigh, N.C., have reduced expulsions or are considering that step. Some districts have eliminated them entirely. In Lansing, Mich., expulsions dropped from 107 district-wide in 2013-14 to zero in 2017-18, for example.

In Denver, the school board began moving in the spring of 2017 to change the district鈥檚 strict disciplinary policy to eliminate suspensions of students听in Grades 3 and younger, except in instances required by law.

The reason: a growing body of research shows strict approaches are ineffective, potentially discriminatory, and can damage children's futures. Its roots are in the once exalted but now less accepted 鈥渂roken windows鈥� theory,听an approach to crime that spawned zero-tolerance policing in the 1990s. Leaders on both sides of the political aisle now argue these approaches contributed to mass incarceration, now widely seen as one of the nation鈥檚 biggest problems.

It鈥檚 no secret that KIPP, serving largely students of color, was part of the no-excuses educational movement for years. The program鈥檚 leaders believed that sweating the small stuff, even whether kids showed up to school with matching socks, ensured both order and classroom success. Indeed, conformity in the form of uniforms and punishment for not adhering to inflexible rules were the norm at many charter schools nationwide for years.

Dueling models

Debate over the best approach isn鈥檛 over. Recently the Trump administration scrapped guidelines cautioning educators against harsher disciplines.

KIPP鈥檚 national leadership stated publicly in January that it supported the prior Obama-era guidelines. But KIPP鈥檚 200-plus schools are free to move at their own pace, meaning they are at various stages of completely rethinking how severely kids are punished, as well as how often they are rewarded.

All this comes as researchers generally embrace the idea that gentler tactics lead to improved results.

鈥淚n academic circles, there鈥檚 probably consensus that it鈥檚 not beneficial to shame and humiliate kids,鈥� says Joanne Golann, a sociologist and assistant professor of public policy and education at Vanderbilt University in Nashville.

鈥淵ou still see a lot of people replicating a lot of these harsher approaches, because it鈥檚 perceived to work,鈥� adds Dr. Golann, who published a 2018 study on charter school practices along with Chris Torres of Michigan State University. Both she and Dr. Torres observe some charter networks moving toward positive approaches to discipline.

For teachers or parents used to an old-school style of discipline, removing the ability to kick a child out of class can feel like taking a tool out of the toolbox. Teachers balked when Denver鈥檚 schools began reducing suspensions several years ago. In Los Angeles, some teachers felt it was leading to unruly classes.

鈥淭here鈥檚 still pushback鈥� from teachers who miss the clear guidelines of old, says Vaale in Denver, 鈥渂ut as we鈥檝e adapted and seen progress and seen better results, our teachers buy in more and more.鈥�

'I think that was way better.'

Many parents are also buying in.

Maria Pe帽a, a medical assistant and mother of two who lives with her husband in northeast Denver, has seen the changes in KIPP Colorado Schools. Her son Sergio, an eighth-grader, was one of the 160 kids suspended by a KIPP middle school two years ago. To his mom, the suspension meant he might fall behind in his classes and mistakenly get rewarded with a vacation for acting out.

This year, when he got into an argument with another child, both parents and children were brought in for a conversation about the causes of the argument and likely consequences instead.

鈥淎t the end, I was like, wow, I think that was way better,鈥� Ms. Pe帽a听says.

In interviews focused on six charter school programs that are shedding the no-excuses philosophy, many educators and parents say that despite the challenges associated with institutional change, the benefits outweigh the costs. The new holistic approaches take into account that a student may be acting out because they are traumatized due to a lack of housing, or due to living in close proximity to violence, rather than because of willful defiance.

Ric Zappa is credited with leading KIPP鈥檚 Bay Area network of schools away from no-excuses disciplinary practices. He now serves as chief schools officer for Caliber Schools in California.

Caliber doesn鈥檛 suspend any of its 1,600 elementary school pupils, 99 percent of whom are students of color. Its schools in Richmond and Vallejo, Calif., each include social and emotional learning, offer access to mental-health clinicians, and have restorative-justice practices that can help students recover from troubles.

鈥淭hese things are foundational at Caliber. That鈥檚 one of the main reasons why I went there,鈥� says Mr. Zappa.

Still keeping expectations high

In Philadelphia and Camden, N.J., Mastery Charter Schools opened in 2001 and now serves 14,000 students.

鈥淲e adopted a very traditional school disciplinary model鈥� early on, 鈥渞ooted in broken windows,鈥� says Scott Gordon, Mastery鈥檚 CEO. The belief was 鈥渋f you sweat little things, bigger things won鈥檛 come up, so very clear roles, very clear consequences, lots of consistency.鈥�

Mastery has revamped its approach by embracing the idea of school being 鈥渁 loving place where kids feel loved and supported鈥� and 鈥渉igh expectations鈥� of students, both in terms of academic performance and discipline, says Mr.听Gordon. The changes 鈥渇elt right and resonated with our kids and with our parents,鈥� but created less clarity for both kids and teachers, he says.

Accelerating its changes in the past year and a half, Mastery set up systems for staff to track data about students in real time. By knowing in minutes rather than days, a ride can sometimes be offered if a student isn鈥檛 in school, for instance.

鈥淲e鈥檝e learned that it鈥檚 not magic and it鈥檚 not just believing in the right philosophy. There鈥檚 a tree of training support systems and practices that require听... a big lift for schools to deliver on,鈥� says Saliyah Cruz, who was hired by Mastery 18 months ago for a newly created role overseeing student development. 鈥淥ne big lesson learned for us is that it鈥檚 a journey that requires real expertise and real execution, follow up, and training.鈥�

[Editor's note: One sentence in this story has been corrected to give an updated estimate of the number of suspensions that will occur at KIPP's Northeast Denver Middle School during the current school year.]