海角大神

A wave of teacher walkouts in Republican-run states, from West Virginia to Kentucky and Oklahoma, has cast a national spotlight on their tax-and-spend priorities amid growing public disquiet over funding for education and other public services.

Teachers have forcefully pressed their case for more money, at times going further than union leaders by refusing to settle for less from state lawmakers. In West Virginia, a nine-day walkout by 35,000 school employees led to a March 6 deal that raised salaries by 5 percent for all state workers and put a freeze on rising health-insurance premiums.

In Oklahoma, teachers brought their protest into the Capitol building Tuesday, closing schools across the state for a second day. The mass walkout was the catalyst for lawmakers to pass a major revenue bill 鈥撀爐he first in 28 years 鈥� to raise teacher salaries that were among the nation鈥檚 lowest. Now teachers say they want an additional $75 million for education before they go back to work.

Arizona is watching closely: Thousands of teachers rallied last week in Phoenix to demand a pay increase and threaten similar actions. In Kentucky, schools were shut last Friday and again on Monday after a walkout prompted by last-minute changes to pensions for new teachers.

Nine years into an economic expansion in which the gains have been unevenly distributed, teachers are demanding a larger share of the pie. Their activism in red states is challenging the tenets of Republican governance in which austerity for public employees is bracketed with tax breaks for private business.聽

For Republicans who took statehouses during the Great Recession, the drive to balance the books doubled as a political assault on public-sector unions. Gov. Scott Walker, who swept away collective-bargaining rights in Wisconsin, said in 2011 that, 鈥渨e can no longer live in a society where the public employees are the haves and taxpayers who foot the bills are the have-nots.鈥�

At the time, many private-sector workers were feeling the pinch, says Jake Rosenfeld, a sociologist at Washington University in St. Louis who studies wage setting and economic inequality. 鈥淭he message was that the public sector had too many perks. That was a message that found a receptive audience for some time, but seems to be less effective now,鈥� he says, noting that economically-secure voters are more likely to sympathize with lowly-paid teachers.

45 kids in a class; one set of books

When Matt Deen moved back to Oklahoma from Oregon in 2013 to teach science at an elementary school in Norman, he and his wife, also a teacher, took a collective $15,000 pay cut. That was bad enough, he says. But the lack of basic materials and the crowded classrooms 鈥撀爃is 5th-grade history and social studies class has 45 students 鈥撀爃ave driven home the challenge of teaching in Oklahoma.

鈥淚 have never lived in a state where I had to buy paper and pens for my class because the funding wasn't there,鈥� he says.

Mr. Deen and his wife rallied at Oklahoma鈥檚 statehouse on Monday and Tuesday, joining thousands of others. He鈥檚 not satisfied with last week鈥檚 pay hike and wants to see more money for schools after a decade of cutbacks. 鈥淚 think they expected us to show up yesterday and pat them on the back and say thanks for the raise. I think a lot of the legislature still doesn鈥檛 get it,鈥� he says.

Until last week, teachers in Oklahoma hadn鈥檛 seen a raise in a decade. Over that period, enrollment had grown by more than 50,000, while inflation-adjusted general funding fell 28 percent, the sharpest fall of any state鈥檚 K-12 budget, according to the Oklahoma Policy Institute.

鈥淢ost of us are in it for the kids, so we try to do the best we can with what were given. But you can only be pushed so far. We are going to stay here until they do something,鈥� says Robin Davis, a high-school math teacher in Claremore who joined this week鈥檚 rallies at the capital.

She says her math class has only one set of textbooks. Students use their phones to take pictures. The school has held fund drives to buy copy paper; students who bring in copy paper are rewarded with an extra five minutes at lunch. 鈥淚t is crazy that they don't put more value on a kid's education than this,鈥� she says, referring to lawmakers.

For teachers in Kentucky, where the state鈥檚 entire school system was closed Monday due to walkouts, the battle is over pensions. Last Thursday, lawmakers passed a bill that would force new hires into a 401(k)-style program, though it didn鈥檛 raise the retirement age for teachers as some lawmakers had proposed.

鈥淚t鈥檚 a major philosophical and policy shift that will make it difficult to attract quality new teachers to Kentucky,鈥� says Rep. Jim Wayne, a Democrat from Louisville. 鈥淭his is a state that is undereducated, and we need strong public schools.鈥�

It鈥檚 unclear how far teachers in Kentucky will go with their protests. One teacher in Frankfort on Monday held a handmade sign that read, 鈥淒on鈥檛 make us go all West Virginia on you.鈥�

Kentucky鈥檚 public pension systems have more than $43 billion in unfunded liabilities. The bill passed last week 鈥撀燼s yet unsigned by Gov. Matt Bevin 鈥撀爂ives state and local governments six additional years to pay off the shortfall. That would rack up additional expenses of $5 billion over the next 35 years, according to the Kentucky Center for Economic Policy.

A better solution would be to pass tax reform and allow the pension contributions approved in the 2017-18 state budget 鈥� which put a total addition of聽$1.16 billion over the two years into the state鈥檚 pension plans 鈥� to continue, according to the KCEP.

鈥淲e need tax reform that raises new revenue by cleaning up special interest tax breaks for the wealthy. Kentucky spends more on tax breaks than we collect in revenue鈥�. The problem is funding and the solution is funding,鈥澛燗nna Baumann, the center鈥檚 communications director, wrote in an email.

Marching from Tulsa

West Virginia, Oklahoma, and Kentucky are all right-to-work states that ban collective bargaining. So when teachers walk out it becomes tricky for opponents to say that sweetheart union contracts are draining state coffers, says Joseph Slater, a law professor at the University of Toledo. 鈥淲ith these workers, it鈥檚 hard to use that kind of rhetoric. They aren鈥檛 highly paid and don鈥檛 have collective bargaining rights,鈥� he says.

Professor Slater says the political pendulum may be swinging away from the anti-union politicking that Wisconsin Governor Walker and other Republican leaders pushed hard in statehouses after the 2010 election. But, he adds, 鈥渟trikes are a risky strategy. For every West Virginian strike that succeeds, there are examples of illegal strikes by public sector workers that are crushed.鈥�

For teachers in Oklahoma, that threat hangs in the air. Their first day of protests on Monday received a positive reception from lawmakers who used the occasion to express their support for public education. But they are leery of committing to spending more after last week鈥檚 tax bill, says David Blatt, executive director of Oklahoma Policy Institute, a think tank that has advocated revenue increases to fund public services.

Instead, the Republican leadership is waiting to see how long teachers can last and whether the public starts to sour on their stoppage. 鈥淚 think there are a lot of legislators who are counting on the effort to fizzle after a few days,鈥� he says.

As superintendent of Tulsa Public Schools, Deborah Gist is determined not to let this opportunity pass to wring more money for her district, the state鈥檚 second-largest. She joined Monday鈥檚 protest and visited lawmakers to thank them for their vote and to press for more resources.

Ms. Gist, who moved to Tulsa in 2015 to run the school district, says the walkout was a last resort after other efforts 鈥� letters to lawmakers, a one-day rally last month 鈥撀爁ailed to get results. And if lawmakers don鈥檛 yield Tuesday, she will join a planned caravan of teachers from Tulsa walking more than 100 miles to Oklahoma City to keep the pressure on.

鈥淲e all want to serve our kids. The teachers don鈥檛 want to be out of school. This was the only option that was available,鈥� she says. 鈥淥ur state has continued to cut into education.鈥�

Like many districts, Tulsa struggles to retain or attract teachers on salaries that are lower than in neighboring states like Texas. Instead, it has issued dozens of emergency certifications to hire teachers who lack qualifications. Across the state, the teacher shortage has led to 1,800 emergency certificates in the current school year.

'Younger teachers don't have a reason to stay'

That infuriates Melissa Carrell, an English teacher at McLain High School. She says the lowering of standards is failing her students and is an affront to her, as a holder of two education degrees who has $90,000 in student debt, 15 years after she began teaching.

She recently found out that an 11th grader in her special-education class couldn鈥檛 read. 鈥淭his is what you get,鈥� she says. 鈥淪tudents showing up in high school who are not ready for a high school diploma.鈥�

Ms. Carrell stayed home Tuesday to look after her daughter while her ex-husband, a teacher, joined the protests. She plans to attend Wednesday and Thursday, arguing that last week鈥檚 pay rise that averaged $6,000 a year doesn鈥檛 go far enough. 鈥淲e waited too long until we were in such a hole. It鈥檚 going to take a long time to get out of it.鈥�

The last time that teachers in Oklahoma went on strike was in 1990. That year, the nation saw 44 stoppages involving 1,000 or more workers, compared with hundreds during the 1950s and 1960s. Last year, there were only seven, according to the US Bureau for Labor Statistics.聽

In 1990, Oklahoma passed a $560 million education reform to raise salaries and cut class sizes, funded by higher taxes. That led to a state ballot initiative to bind the hands of lawmakers. Any revenue bill now requires three-fourths support from legislators, a threshold that has proven hard to reach in tackling perennial budget shortfalls.

Oklahoma鈥檚 1990 strike also came on the heels of similar walkouts in West Virginia, in a foreshadowing of this year鈥檚 events. Then, as now, both states rely heavily on fossil-fuel extraction for jobs and revenues. But unlike in Oklahoma, where lawmakers defied industry lobbyists last week to raise taxes on oil and gas wells, the budget deal struck in Charleston didn鈥檛 involve new taxes. Instead, lawmakers cut back on proposed new spending to afford pay raises for state employees.

鈥淚 think it鈥檚 a compromise,鈥� says Carrena Rouse, a high-school teacher in Madison, W.Va., and president of the local chapter of the American Federation of Teachers. She points out that the average teacher in West Virginia will see an extra $2,000 a year, still below what other states like Ohio and Pennsylvania pay, making it harder to retain the next generation of teachers.

鈥淲e can鈥檛 get parity [with contiguous states] by settling for just enough. The younger teachers don鈥檛 have a reason to stay,鈥� she says.

At Ms. Rouse鈥檚 high school, students watch TED Talks when there isn鈥檛 a certified science teacher available. Of the school鈥檚 five math teachers, only two are certified. 鈥淚t makes you want to butt your head against the wall,鈥� she says.聽

Its refusal to raise taxes makes West Virginia a model for other states to follow, says Jason Huffman, who runs the state chapter of Americans for Prosperity, a free-market campaign group founded by the Koch brothers. He praises lawmakers for standing firm against new revenue measures in the budget. 鈥淲hat lawmakers in West Virginia have done is create fiscally responsible blueprint鈥� for an increase in teacher pay, he says.

He concedes that salaries are low in West Virginia, but says that spending on education as a share of residents鈥� incomes is higher than average. 鈥淟et鈥檚 not take an approach that is simply going to spend and not take into account what we already spend鈥� on education, he says.

Sean O鈥橪eary, a senior analyst at the West Virginia Center on Budget and Policy, a left-leaning think tank, says lawmakers had headroom in this year鈥檚 budget due to rising natural-gas prices. But they still have to find solutions for the state鈥檚 health insurance agency after years of rising premiums that teachers say make it unaffordable to cover their families. Should gas prices dip, the extra money found for teachers could become a scapegoat in a future budget crisis.

Still, he says the public knows well how tough it can be to make ends meet on a teacher鈥檚 salary in West Virginia. 鈥淚t鈥檚 hard to stoke resentment when those people are as low paid as everyone else,鈥� he says.

Staff writer Henry Gass contributed reporting to this story from San Antonio, Texas.