海角大神

A stroll through the hallways of West Hertel Academy, a public elementary and middle school serving Buffalo鈥檚 west side, can feel like a quick walk around the world.

The flags of Burma, Somalia, and other far-off countries line the walls, welcoming students and parents with a touch of home. Signs for the bathroom and other facilities include at least five languages each 鈥� a small fraction of the 50 spoken across the student body.聽

At West Hertel Academy, where more than a third of students are non-native English speakers and roughly 9 in 10 come from economically disadvantaged backgrounds, the challenges involved in creating a harmonious, cohesive student body are significant. But new research has found that children at diverse schools like West Hertel reap unique social and personal benefits that those at more homogeneous schools don鈥檛.聽

A recent survey of middle school students by researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, suggests that students of all races and ethnicities can benefit from diversity in the classroom. Of 4,302 sixth-grade students surveyed, those attending schools with a relatively equal balance of three or more ethnic groups reported feeling safer, less lonely, and less vulnerable to bullying than their counterparts in schools with a clear ethnic majority.聽

But the findings of聽the study,聽published Tuesday in the journal Child Development, also underscore the importance of what experts say is聽a crucial,聽yet oft-overlooked,聽requirement聽for successful integration: diversity within the classroom. Students in more diverse schools reported better relations between ethnic groups and were more likely to feel that teachers treated all students fairly and equally 鈥� but only when the diversity of individual academic classes reflected that of the entire student body.聽

As educators and lawmakers grapple with how best to combat the increasing聽resegregation of American schools, much attention has been paid to increasing the overall diversity of student bodies. But a closer look inside desegregated schools often reveals persisting ethnic and racial divides. Advocates point to in-school policies such as academic tracking, which sorts students into different classes or curriculum based on academic ability, as perpetuating 鈥渟econdary segregation鈥� in even the most diverse schools, often separating students by race and putting students of color on less advanced tracks than their white peers.聽

Successful integration requires a conscious effort from schools to not only avoid such聽systems,聽but also to create an equitable and accepting environment through changes to curriculum and school culture, says Lee Teitel, faculty director of聽Reimagining Integration: The Diverse and Equitable Schools Project at the Harvard Graduate School of Education.聽

鈥淥ne of the key things that we鈥檝e learned is to pay attention to what happens inside the聽schools,聽because it鈥檚 not always enough to get diverse bodies in the building,鈥� says Mr. Teitel, who was not involved in the study. 鈥淚t doesn鈥檛 automatically lead to the good outcomes that you鈥檙e looking for.鈥澛�

Creating school where kids feel that they 鈥榝it鈥�

The authors of the new research attribute the well-being of students at more diverse schools to a broader sense of acceptance and equality among peers.聽

鈥淲e presume that in these types of environments, there is a good balance of power among the groups and ... students do not feel intimidated or threatened聽by students from other ethnic groups,鈥� says Jaana Juvonen, professor of psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles, and lead author of the study. 鈥淭here are also likely to be multiple norms for behavior and looks, hence it is easier for any one student to find their niche and feel that they 鈥榝it in.鈥� 鈥澛�

Simply bringing students of different races and ethnicities together under one roof is 鈥渁 place to start,鈥� says Amy Stuart Wells, professor of sociology and education at Columbia University Teachers College. 鈥淵ou鈥檝e got to get kids into the same building before you can work on these other things.鈥澛�

But, she and Teitel say, efforts shouldn鈥檛 end there.聽

Historically, Professor Wells says, policymakers have focused primarily on that first step of the integration process 鈥� increasing the overall ethnic diversity of schools 鈥� with little consideration given to what happens inside schools after they鈥檝e been desegregated. In recent years, however, the issue of integration within schools has begun to gain more traction in the research and policy spheres,聽in part due to the changing demographics of city schools as whites return to urban areas.

In 2014, the US Department of Education聽penned a letter聽to the country鈥檚 school districts calling attention to persisting disparities in US schools and noting that 鈥渟tudents of color are less likely than their white peers to be enrolled in [advanced courses and gifted聽and talented programs] within schools that have those offerings.鈥� A Department of Education investigation into tracking practices in New Jersey鈥檚 South Orange-Maplewood聽school district that same year found that black students held only聽18.7 percent of spots聽in the district鈥檚 Advanced Placement classes, despite accounting for 51.5 percent of the district鈥檚 high school enrollment.聽

鈥淭here鈥檚 kind of this renewed emphasis on integration and diversity in the US,鈥� Wells says. 鈥淚f聽we don鈥檛 tackle these issues of integration, these schools won鈥檛 be stable and they won鈥檛 be sustainable over time.鈥�

Changing the mindset of a school

Successfully integrating a school typically involves structural shifts such as de-tracking, adjusting curriculum, and rethinking聽approaches to聽discipline that disproportionately聽affect聽students of color, Teitel and Wells聽say. But it also requires less tangible changes in school culture, among both students and educators.聽

West Hertel Academy in Buffalo has experienced both the challenges and the rewards of trying to bring about those less tangible changes.聽

The school has in recent years stepped up its efforts through the professional development of teachers, honest conversations about issues of diversity among faculty and staff, and collaboration with parents and the outside community, according to聽principal聽Cecelie聽Owens.

鈥淚t really is all about ... changing the mindset [of the school] to do what鈥檚 best for the kids,鈥� Principal Owens says. 鈥淲hen you know better, you do better.鈥�

Among the student body, West Hertel has worked to foster an environment of inclusiveness through schoolwide projects and regular events celebrating different cultures, adds Rebekah Barbera, a fifth-grade ENL (English as a New Language) teacher at the school.聽

They note that progress has been slow 鈥� as experts say it often is 鈥� but noticeable.聽

鈥淚t takes time,鈥� Owens says. 鈥淏ut this is 2017.聽Things are different. We can鈥檛 keep responding the same way we did 15 or 20 years ago.鈥澛�