海角大神

Amidst the deepening war of words over Moscow鈥檚 annexation of Crimea, U.S. President Barack Obama on April 28 added more Russian individuals and companies to a sanctions list that already included influential members of Russian President Vladimir Putin鈥檚 inner circle and Bank Rossiya, which has close ties to the Russian leadership. The new list freezes the assets of Igor Sechin, head of Russia's major oil company, Rosneft, six other individuals and 17 companies.

Significantly, the new U.S. list does not include Alexei Miller, CEO of the Russian natural gas state monopoly, Gazprom.

Although the European Union has imposed its own tough sanctions on 48 Russian individuals, Gazprom is arguably where daylight exists between the Obama administration and the EU on the issue of penalizing Moscow for its actions in Ukraine.

The numbers make it clear why. Russia is the EU鈥檚 third-biggest trading partner, after the U.S. and China; in 2012, bilateral EU-Russian trade amounted to almost $370 billion. The same year, U.S. trade with Russia amounted to just $26 billion.聽

More than half of Russia's exports go to Europe, and 45 percent of its imports come from Europe,聽according聽to the EU EUROSTAT agency. Out of 485 billion cubic meters of gas consumed by the EU annually, Russia supplies about 160 billion cubic meters, or almost one-third the total volume.

Germany, the EU鈥檚 economic powerhouse, has been explicit about the costs for the German economy from increased sanctions. Anton B枚rner, the president of Germany鈥檚 main trade group, BGA,聽warned聽that more than 6,000 German businesses with $105 billion of turnover are interlinked with Russia and stand to lose if sanctions are ratcheted up.

U.S. Representative Lois Frankel (D-FL), who recently visited Ukraine with a Congressional delegation, has offered the likeliest official explanation for why the White House left Gazprom and CEO Miller untouched in the most recent round of sanctions.

In an April 28聽appearance on MSNBC, Frankel said, "I think our president is taking a cautious approach warranted because our European allies are...trade partners with Russia, they depend on Russia's energy. And so we have [to] be careful because sanctions against Russia also have the good probability of hurting our allies.鈥�

Other members of Congress have shown less willingness to accommodate the EU鈥檚 delicate economic position. In recent days, senior members of the U.S. Senate have increased their calls for the White House to move against Gazprom. Carl Levin (D -MI), John McCain (R-AZ) and Bob Corker (R-TN)聽want Obama to use聽an executive order that allows him to punish broad sectors of the Russian economy in response to Russia鈥檚 actions in Crimea.

The lawmakers鈥� statements on the issue have been widely covered in the Ukrainian and Russian press.

In an聽April 12 letter聽to Obama, Corker, a ranking member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, said, 鈥淯nless Russia ends its destabilization of eastern Ukraine and drastically reduces troop levels on the Ukrainian border immediately, further sanctions against strategic sectors of the Russian economy, particularly targeting Gazprom and additional important financial institutions, should be imposed within days.鈥�

After the latest round of U.S. sanctions this week, Corker repeated that call in a joint statement with Senator Kelly Ayotte (R-NH), the ranking member of the Senate Armed Services Readiness Subcommittee, in which he聽said, 鈥淯ntil Putin feels the real pain of sanctions targeting entities like Gazprom, which the Kremlin uses to coerce Ukraine and other neighbors, as well as some significant financial institutions, I don鈥檛 think diplomacy will change Russian behavior and de-escalate this crisis.鈥�

During an April 25 visit to the Ukrainian capital, Kiev, Levin聽told reporters, 鈥淭he existing authority is sufficient to take very strong sanctioning action against Russian banks that have correspondent accounts in the United States. The authority exists. It should be used, and that includes Gazprom.鈥�

McCain advocated in an April 25聽press release, 鈥淭he United States needs to expand sanctions to major Russian banks, energy companies, and sectors of its economy, such as the arms industry, which serve as instruments of Putin鈥檚 foreign policy. NATO needs to move toward a robust and persistent military presence in central Europe and the Baltic countries, including increased missile defense capabilities. We need a transatlantic energy strategy to break Europe鈥檚 dependence on Russian oil and gas,鈥� which would include sanctions against Gazprom, according to his office.

McCain聽recently suggested聽he has a broader agenda in mind when he said, 鈥淭he strategy of the U.S. for saving Ukraine must be built in opposition to Russia's gas strategy, as this will be the end of Putin and his empire."

Given Gazprom鈥檚 centrality to the Russian economy, it鈥檚 unlikely that Putin won鈥檛 react if and when the company comes in for Western sanctions. In preparation for that possibility, Gazprom鈥檚 subsidiary, Gazprombank, Russia鈥檚 third largest, last month聽transferred聽nearly $7 billion to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

Gazprom聽has already warned聽that further Western sanctions could disrupt gas exports to Europe.

And Russian Natural Resources Minister Sergei Donskoi has made it explicit that there will be consequences for Western energy firms that comply with sanctions. Speaking on April 24 to journalists in Russia鈥檚 far eastern city of Birobidzhan,聽Donskoi said, "It is obvious that they won't return in the near future if they sever investment agreements with us, I mean there are consequences as well. Russia is one of the most promising countries in terms of hydrocarbons production. If some contracts are severed here, then, colleagues, you loose a serious lump of your future pie."

Donskoi also expressed the certainty that if Western firms leave Russia, other foreign energy companies would take their place.

That kind of threatening rhetoric will only make it harder for U.S. officials to sell an already nervous Brussels on the idea of more sanctions, if it comes to that, and on targeting Gazprom, in particular.