海角大神

When Lesly Melendez recalls her walk to school as a child in Lawrence, Mass., she remembers the six-foot-tall fence cloaked in black cloth and decorated with caution tape. 鈥淜eep Out鈥� signs warned passersby away from the so-called Dresden of Lawrence, the burned bones of the former Russell Paper Mill.听

鈥淎s a kid growing up and walking by things like that...,鈥� Ms. Melendez trails off and sighs.

But her childhood neighborhood looks more appealing today. After years of stop-and-start cleanup, the Russell Mill site is now Oxford Site Park, a green welcome mat for the city. It鈥檚 an open space with a bike path. Long grasses bend in the wind, free from any fence.听

And this park may have helped the city grow opportunity as well as greenery. Lawrence, long one of New England鈥檚 poorest and most polluted communities, has become a center for public and nonprofit job training programs.听They are certifying听locals to clean up brownfields, properties where redevelopment is stalled because of potential pollution.

Job training grants from the Environmental Protection Agency in particular have enabled hundreds of local workers to boost their r茅sum茅s, lead change where they live, and transform polluted eyesores into redevelopment opportunities.

The city鈥檚 success 鈥� and its collaborative approach 鈥� could offer a model for other low-income minority neighborhoods ridden with abandoned industrial sites. For Lawrence, brownfields like the Russell Paper Mill are about more than jobs and blight. Cleaning up past pollution boosts a community鈥檚 self-esteem.

鈥淏rownfields are one of the programs where you really see the connection between environmental justice and opportunity,鈥� says Alexandra Dunn, administrator for the US Environmental Protection Agency鈥檚 Region 1, which includes the six New England states. 鈥淭hrough these grants we can create a very different chemistry in these communities 鈥� one that is focused on economic vitality and the future, as opposed to the historic presence of pollution.鈥�

Across the country, hot spots for pollution are disproportionately located in low-income communities such as Lawrence. For today鈥檚 young residents, often nonwhite and immigrant families, the legacy of pollution is a stark example of environmental injustice. (Explore the distribution of New England's brownfields with an interactive graphic听here.)

Despite its size of only six square miles, Lawrence still has almost 50 brownfields听鈥� relics of its former life as a mill town. Yet locals refuse to let black-cloaked fences and caution tape define their future. Melendez, for one, is working to rid the city as much as possible of the symbols of decay she used to walk by. As deputy director of the local nonprofit Groundwork Lawrence, Melendez now helps convert brownfields into clean open spaces.

鈥淥ther things happen; other sexier things come up, and people forget that [brownfields] are here,鈥� says Melendez. 鈥淏ut there are plenty of us that live and work here that want to make sure this is a better place for our children, and our children鈥檚 children.鈥�

鈥楧eath by a thousand cuts鈥�

By the EPA鈥檚 estimation, the United States has听more than 450,000 brownfield sites 鈥� properties where redevelopment or reuse is complicated by the presence (or potential presence) of a hazardous pollutant. Factories, dry cleaners, gas stations, and many other commonplace properties become brownfields in their afterlife, requiring state or local agencies to monitor for leaked chemicals or buried pollutants.

Though some designated brownfields have no serious contamination, others continue to pollute water, soil, or air for years. Either way, a brownfield designation requires a costly assessment, and possible cleanup, before it can be repurposed.

This requirement is often cost-prohibitive for developers, especially in communities with shrinking populations and thin profit margins for businesses.

These state and locally managed properties may seem inconsequential compared with the country鈥檚 federally run听1,338 Superfund sites, which are typically more serious sites of contamination,听such as landfills or mines. But the sheer number of community brownfields and the residual blight they leave on communities make them a priority for places like Lawrence.

鈥淏rownfields are among us. Their impact on humans is direct and tangible,鈥� says Justin Hollander, an associate professor at Tufts University in Medford, Mass., and the author of several books on brownfield pollution. 鈥淚f you talk to someone who lives across the street from one, they would say we need to talk about this now. They continue to represent a real threat to investment in neighborhoods.鈥�

Lawrence today is a maze of empty, five-story, brick warehouses. Some have been renovated into loft apartments with gyms and open-floor plans. Others have blown-out windows and graffiti. It hardly resembles the prosperous industrial center it once was.

Mill companies flocked to New England towns in the 19th century because of their proximity to water power. And Lawrence, located at the confluence of two rivers and a canal, became a hub for both industry and immigrants.

But everything changed in the 1970s and 1980s when mills started to close or move overseas. The Russell Paper Mill site that Melendez passed on her way to school, for example, once had more than 500 employees and made听the glossy paper for National Geographic. But industry听left the building in 1974, and it sat untouched for years, falling in on itself and occasionally catching on fire as it sat in brownfield purgatory. More than four decades later, industry still trickles out of Lawrence.

鈥淚t's kind of like death by a thousand cuts,鈥� says Christopher De Sousa, an urban planning professor at Ryerson University in Ontario who has spent decades studying brownfields in the US. 鈥淎ll of this vacancy makes the neighborhood seem like it鈥檚 shrinking and decaying.鈥�

鈥榃ork of the future鈥�

Local resident Ramon Riquel moved to Lawrence from Puerto Rico a decade ago and spent the past seven years working at the听Crown Cork & Seal factory. In March he was laid off.

鈥淭hey say the plant is down, no more work,鈥� says Mr. Riquel. 鈥淚t's easy for them, but it鈥檚 not easy for us.鈥�

As industry languished, the immigrant community once reliant on听these sites has continued to grow. More than three-quarters听of the city鈥檚 population is Hispanic, and nearly听25 percent lives below the poverty level. The average unemployment rate in Lawrence over the past year was听6.5 percent 鈥� almost twice the statewide average.

As deputy director of the Merrimack Valley Workforce Investment Board (MVWIB), Susan Almono spends a lot of time thinking about the city's many job seekers, what the industries of Lawrence's future might be, 鈥渁nd how to bring them together to really drive help,听drive economic development.鈥�

One of the area鈥檚 ripest industries, Ms. Almono realized, was environmental reclamation of the city鈥檚 industrial relics, so she applied for a grant from the EPA.

Founded originally as the听Brownfields Job Training Program in 1998, the EPA鈥檚 Environmental Workforce Development and Job Training Grant program has since听awarded almost $64 million across almost 300 grants to recruit, employ, and train unemployed, low-income, or minority locals for jobs in environmental remediation. Since it began, the program has trained more than 17,000 individuals nationwide and placed about three-quarters of them in full-time jobs.

鈥淭he jobs training program through the brownfields program truly is a success story,鈥� says Ms. Dunn at the EPA. 鈥淚t often isn't given headline attention, but it really is an example of EPA and local communities working together.鈥�

Lawrence, a city with around 80,000 people, stands out nationally in remediation employment. The region has the听second highest concentration of hazardous removal jobs in the country. The majority of local workers graduate from the for-profit Lawrence Training School, but the MVWIB鈥檚 free training programs have made the industry possible for people like Riquel who do not have the resources to pay for a private program.

鈥淲e are preparing local residents for good-paying jobs that are accessible to them, and there is a high demand for in our region,鈥� says Almono. 鈥淓nvironmental work is work of the future.鈥�

Before earning its fourth job training grant in the fall of 2017, MVWIB had trained 117 residents, with 82 percent of them finding immediate employment. Almono says the average hourly pay for these workers is $18.21, which is above the state鈥檚听$12 minimum wage.

The key to MVWIB鈥檚 success, says Almono, has been the program's flexibility. After the first training program, for example, she realized they could expand beyond remediation-specific jobs like lead and asbestos abatement to offer intensive truck driving training.

Almono says they hope to update the program again following Lawrence鈥檚 deadly gas explosions in September. Locals see the explosions as yet another example of failing infrastructure and environmental injustice in Lawrence.

Riquel now has his license to drive dump trucks and other vehicles common on a construction or remediation site. Without the EPA-funded MVWIB program, Riquel would have had to pay upwards of $5,000 to enroll in a trucking licensing class on his own.

鈥淎ll the people over there听鈥撎齮hey helped me a lot,鈥� says Riquel. 鈥淚 wouldn't have this job without the program.鈥�

Finding pride in home

Despite imposing numerous funding cuts for environmental programs, President Trump has remained supportive of both the EPA's Superfund and brownfield programs, calling them 鈥渁bsolutely essential鈥� and increasing funding.

鈥淏rownfields have always done well regardless of the administration in power,鈥� says Professor De Sousa. 鈥淚t's one of the few environmental programs that you can point to that removes blight, brings new development, and brings new jobs鈥�. Politicians love taking pictures with shovels.鈥�

Although safety precautions have improved drastically over the past decade, environmental remediation is still a dangerous job. Low-income minority communities in Massachusetts already have听disproportionately higher rates of lead poisoning, and job training programs for low-income minorities in this kind of remediation work could be seen as yet another example of injustice.

But for locals in Lawrence, the work represents opportunity.听听

鈥淵ou could always say there are morality issues, but mentally, if you are cleaning an area where you have lived all your life, and it's getting better, it's a sense a pride,鈥� says local resident Ramon Quezada.

Like Melendez, Mr. Quezada grew up in Lawrence. He left the Dominican Republic with his parents in the mid-1980s, following Quezada鈥檚 grandmother who moved to Lawrence a decade earlier to work in the mills. And like Melendez, Quezada still remembers the blight he saw as a child.

鈥淚 saw all these mills abandoned, and I saw all these burnt homes,鈥� says Quezada.

And like Melendez, Quezada decided to do something about it. Seeing all the work that needed to be done in New England and so many neighbors without jobs, Quezada co-founded Labor on Site, a staffing firm for environmental remediation workers,听in the early 2000s. After workers graduate from the MVWIB program or the Lawrence Training School located above Quezada鈥檚 office, he helps connect them with contractors.

Last year Labor on Site placed 733 workers, with more than 600 of them coming from Lawrence. Quezada鈥檚 records show the firm鈥檚 efforts resulted in听$4.5 million in payroll, mainly to Lawrence workers.

鈥淟awrence is going in a new direction,鈥� says Quezada. 鈥淎nd we鈥檙e helping with that.鈥�

Explore the distribution of New England's brownfields with an interactive graphic听here.