海角大神

Are straws the new plastic bags?

They鈥檙e the latest single-use plastic item getting increased attention as an unnecessary (for most people) tool that too often ends up clogging waterways, seas, and beaches.

A video that went viral in 2015 of a sea turtle getting a bloody straw removed from its nostril helped spur some of the growing momentum to ban or limit plastic straws in many cities, states, countries, and businesses.

But while straws are the current target of some legislative action, scientists and environmental activists caution that 鈥� with 8 million metric tons of plastic entering the ocean from land every year, the equivalent of one dump truck of plastic entering the ocean each minute 鈥� any real solution is going to take a combination of efforts.

鈥淲e鈥檙e really hoping that we create a system shift,鈥� says Dianna Cohen, chief executive officer of the Plastic Pollution Coalition, a global alliance of individuals, organizations, and businesses. Ms. Cohen, like others, says a solution will require a combination of changing consumer behavior, source reduction, producers that change the way they package or take responsibility for that packaging, and improved waste management systems.

鈥淧lastic is, just like any other material, potentially a valuable material,鈥� she says. 鈥淏ut when we began designing and making things made out of plastic with a specific focus for them to be single-use, or 鈥榙isposable,鈥� or 鈥榗onvenient鈥� 鈥� this is when we really made a wrong turn.鈥�

Plastic pollution, particularly its effect on the oceans and sea life, has been under the spotlight lately. It was the theme of the United Nations鈥� World Environment Day this week. In India, Prime Minister Narendra Modi used the occasion to announce a plan to ban all single-use plastics by 2022, and that the country would join the UN鈥檚 Clean Seas campaign, which works to tackle pollution and raise awareness of the issue.

That announcement came on the heels of a European Union proposal to phase out most single-use plastics by 2030. Britain, Taiwan, Belize, Costa Rica, Chile, and several African countries have also enacted various bans. In Kenya, which has enacted the harshest ban on plastic bags, offenders can even face jail time.

In the United States, action has been more city by city 鈥� with the exception of California, which rid itself of most plastic bags two years ago, and just introduced a bill that would ban plastic straws, except when requested. Seattle will soon go strawless, and New York is considering doing so. Last week, the food service company Bon App茅tit announced it would phase out straws in all of its cafes, joining other companies with similar plans, including Alaska Airlines.

A thoughtful approach

To some, the current focus on straws can seem arbitrary, and it has generated a backlash from the disabled community, for whom straws can be a necessity in order to drink. Replacements 鈥� like bamboo, metal, or glass straws 鈥� aren鈥檛 always feasible, comfortable, or safe for all people.

Many environmental advocates agree that it鈥檚 important to recognize the gray area for items like straws. They say it shouldn鈥檛 be too hard to carve out exceptions, but insist that the rate at which straws are currently ending up on beaches and in the ocean demands action.

During the International Coastal Cleanup, a single day in September when communities around the world head out to clean up beaches, volunteers have collected 3 million discarded straws over the past five years, says Nicholas Mallos, director of the Ocean Conservancy鈥檚 Trash Free Seas program.

Bans and legislative action can start to have an impact on the actual amount of trash that gets into waterways, he says. 鈥淏ut just as importantly, the legislation signals to consumers and companies that this is something people care about, and that change is needed.鈥�

Jenna Jambeck, the lead researcher of the聽landmark 2015 report that first quantified the amount of plastic trash entering the ocean, says that she鈥檚 always wary of talking about the need for bans in a blanket way because the local context can vary so much: A disabled person might need a plastic straw. Someone in a region without potable water might need bottled water. There are high-poverty countries where citizens collect water using plastic bags.

鈥淭here are so many intersectional issues with poverty and homelessness,鈥� says Dr. Jambeck, an associate professor at the University of Georgia in Athens and a National Geographic Explorer. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 think they should prevent us from taking these actions, but we should be thoughtful with how we approach these situations.鈥�

Like Mr. Mallos, Jambeck emphasizes the importance such campaigns can have on people鈥檚 awareness of the issue. Alaska Airlines鈥� straws probably weren鈥檛 a big source of litter, she says, but not getting a straw on an airplane might make some people think differently.

Already, most plastic pollution advocates say they鈥檙e seeing a sea change in both awareness and behavior.

鈥淚 think we鈥檝e passed a tipping point and are cresting a wave right now of awareness,鈥� says Cohen, of the Plastic Pollution Coalition. Social media and the internet have been incredibly helpful tools in demonstrating the scope of the problem, she adds. In addition to the聽sea turtle video, there was the聽photo of the sea horse gripping a pink Q-Tip, the recent聽footage of 80 plastic bags pulled from the stomach of a pilot whale who died in Thailand, and the聽news last year about the highest density of trash recorded in the world on a remote, uninhabited Pacific island.

鈥淓veryone is affected when they see those pictures of animals caught in plastic,鈥� says Lisa Emelia Svensson, director for Ocean at the UN Environment Programme (UNEP). 鈥淚t gives us a tool to communicate.鈥�

The way forward

A聽report聽released Tuesday by the UNEP documents the significant legislative action being taken globally, but also injects a note of caution about implementation pitfalls. Of the 60 laws the UN documented, about 30 percent are making a difference, says Ms. Svensson. In many cases, enforcement or institutional capacity to carry out the bans is lacking.

The report delves into case studies like Rwanda鈥檚 ban on plastic bags, which led to a 2008 nomination as cleanest city in Africa but also a black market.

The report suggests a 10-step roadmap for policymakers, emphasizing things like incentives to industry, engaging stakeholders, and raising awareness as bans or levies are slowly phased in.

Meanwhile, activists on plastic pollution emphasize that this is an area where individual action matters, and can be critical to slowly shifting collective behavior.

Everywhere she goes, says Cohen, she now carries a few key items that fit in her purse: a fold-up reusable bag, a double-walled steel cup, bamboo utensils, a stainless steel straw. At restaurants, she tells waiters when she orders not to bring a straw 鈥� which can open up a thoughtful conversation. Her coalition recently contributed to an聽updated list of alternatives people can look for.

鈥淚 want to be as positive as possible and empower every single person I meet,鈥� says Cohen, who 鈥� despite the scope of the problem 鈥� remains optimistic. 鈥淭he amount of change and shift in language and perception and awareness we see growing right now is tremendous. I could not have imagined this 10 years ago.鈥�