海角大神

The Arctic ecosystem may be heading toward permanent change as high temperatures and longer summers continue to alter the region, according to a report published by the Arctic Council on Friday.

In the first comprehensive assessment of ecosystems and societies in the region, the Arctic Resilience Report highlights how human activities and global warming may have caused some ecosystems to reach key tipping points, thus threatening the way of life and economies of local communities.聽

鈥淐limate change is severely stressing Arctic livelihoods and people, and the extent to which Arctic people can build resilience to these stresses is quite limited,鈥� Miriam Hultric, lead author of the report said in a press release. 鈥淲ithout rapid action to slow climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the resilience of the Arctic will be overwhelmed.鈥�

The changes set in motion by global warming were particularly pronounced this year, with the lowest sea ice level recorded in both the Arctic and Antarctic聽and the highest average global surface temperature occurring from January to June, with some Arctic islands experiencing above freezing average annual temperatures for the first time on record. As past research has shown that such changes are amplified in polar regions, scientists are concerned about local communities鈥� ability to survive the changes brought by global warming.

鈥淎rctic ecosystems are changing in dramatic ways: ice is melting, sea levels are rising, coastal areas are eroding, permafrost is thawing and landscapes are changing as the range of species shift,鈥� the authors wrote in the report. 鈥淩esilience enables people and ecosystems to cope with the shocks and stresses associated with these changes 鈥� Yet some changes are so substantial 鈥� that they fundamentally alter the functioning of a system.鈥�

The authors examined 19 ecological tipping points - called 鈥渞egime shifts鈥� - that have or can be crossed in the region. This includes a shift to sea ice-free summers, collapse of Arctic fisheries, and transformation of landscapes from bogs to peat lands, from tundra to steppe, thus threatening the subsistence lifestyle of the Arctic people who depend on plants and animals that may no longer survive in this new climate. For instance,聽mass reindeer deaths due to weather events in the last decade has affected livelihood of traditional Arctic herders.

鈥淥ne of the study鈥檚 most important findings is that not only are regime shifts occurring, but there is a real risk that one regime shift could trigger others, or simultaneous regime shifts could have unexpected effects,鈥� said Johan L. Kuylenstierna, executive director of the Stockholm Environment Institute.

A couple of drivers of change, including fishing, tourism and resource exploitation were identified, but the authors say human-induced climate change from outside the Arctic such as burning of fossil fuels is a key factor.

From Canada to Iceland, some Arctic communities reliant on traditional whaling and reindeer herding have already adapted to the new normal, the report shows, moving away from their role as nomadic hunters. In Cape Dorset, Nunavut, Canada, for instance, they became internationally recognized artists, while those in Husavik, Iceland, began organizing whale-watching tours.

鈥淔or those of us in the policy arena, this provides an important reminder that empowerment and training for Northern communities is paramount for addressing resilience in the region,鈥� Joel Clement, co-chair of the project and the Director of the Office of Policy Analysis at the U.S. Department of the Interior said. Other factors that encourage resilience include 鈥渢he ability to draw on diverse knowledge sources, including local traditions as well as science; having diversity (e.g. in livelihoods); and being able to navigate change and uncertainty.鈥�

Carbon emission policy decisions and collaboration between the diverse countries in the Arctic are identified as key factors that could help people in the region survive, with the authors emphasizing the need for coordination between diverse Arctic countries鈥� governments, non-governmental organizations, industry, and the Arctic people.

鈥淯ltimately, realizing resilience in the Arctic will depend on empowering the people of the North to self-organize, define challenges in their own terms, and find their own solutions, knowing that they have the flexibility and external support to implement their plans,鈥� the report concludes.