'Super-pollutants' and the US Senate: How important is Kigali ratification?
Last week, nearly 200 countries found a compromise that will phase out super-polluting HFC gases. Some say the US聽Senate could slow that progress, but many observers say that the United States 鈥� and the world 鈥� is on the right track.
Last week, nearly 200 countries found a compromise that will phase out super-polluting HFC gases. Some say the US聽Senate could slow that progress, but many observers say that the United States 鈥� and the world 鈥� is on the right track.
The Kigali agreement to phase out a particularly potent greenhouse gas聽is a big deal for climate protection efforts and international cooperation more broadly.
The agreement commits almost 200 countries to reducing their use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) over the next 30 years. These compounds 鈥� most often used in refrigerators and air conditioners 鈥� are the world鈥檚 fastest-growing greenhouse gases. The international community agreed that cutting the artificial pollutants, which have a warming effect 1,600 times more powerful than carbon dioxide on average, would be a straightforward step toward meeting the Paris Agreement goal to keep global temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels.
Now, with the meetings in Kigali concluded, attention has turned to implementation. One possible obstacle to curbing HFC use: the US Senate. If the Senate is required to approve the phase-out, some say they would refuse, perhaps leading other countries to question their commitments too. But others say the United States is fully committed to implementing the agreement, while technological transformation makes phasing out the gases less of a burden for developing countries.
That countries are willing to enter into a legally binding agreement about HFCs signals the depth of their commitment to addressing climate change issues. And its success could pave the way for further progress, observers say.
鈥淭his is the biggest step that could be taken and now has been taken in the year following the Paris Agreement. It really continues ... the international momentum,鈥� David Doniger, director of the Climate and Clean Air Program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, tells 海角大神. 鈥淚t鈥檚 an important statement that the level of cooperation is high. We鈥檙e in a virtuous circle 鈥� countries saying, 鈥業 will if you will,鈥� 鈥� he continues.
Mr. Doniger sees the United States at the forefront of this positive international movement. He points out that the United States was one of those pushing the hardest for some kind of agreement on HFCs. 鈥淚 have no doubt that the United States will become a party to Kigali,鈥� he underlines.
For Steve Seidel, senior advisor at the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, US support for the Kigali Agreement is borne out in the actions the country is already taking to reduce its use of HFCs.聽
鈥淲e鈥檝e already seen alternatives developed in all the major use categories,鈥� including refrigerators and air conditioners, he says in a phone interview with the Monitor. Often, these alternatives are not only better for the environment but more efficient. As a result, 鈥渢he HFC amendment has brought very broad support from industry and the environmental community,鈥� he says.
It is unclear whether the Senate will be asked to review the Kigali Agreement. 鈥淲e will need to examine the content and the form of the agreed amendment, as well as relevant practice, in order to determine the appropriate approval process,鈥� Emily White, a spokeswoman for the State Department, told Climate Central on Monday.
Nigel Purvis, chief executive officer of Climate Advisers and a former State Department treaty lawyer, says that such approval may not be necessary.
鈥淚t鈥檚 a well established principle of U.S. law that the President can approve, without further Congressional review, certain international agreements that fall under a treaty already approved by the Senate,鈥� he wrote in an emailed statement to the Monitor. The Montr茅al聽Protocol, to which the Kigali Agreement is an amendment, was overwhelmingly approved by the Senate in 1988, with a vote of 83 to 0.聽
鈥淥ur Senate is always a challenge in ratifying environmental treaties these days,鈥� Mr. Seidel says, though he notes that the Senate has a long history of ratifying similar amendments. And politicians on both sides of the aisle have increasingly shown themselves open to cooperation on climate issues. Last year, four Republican senators聽formed a working group to discuss environmental protection and clean energy initiatives. A group of Democratic and Independent senators signed a letter calling for strong action on HFCs in Kigali.
With or without Senate approval, both Doniger and Seidel believe progress to phase down HFCs will continue. Doniger says the international community has experience of phasing out any number of chemicals, and will be able to do so again. In the process, countries will get technical support from the World Bank, the UN Development Program, and the UN Environment Program. Financial assistance will come from the Montr茅al Protocol鈥檚 Multilateral Fund, which helps developing countries cover the cost of phasing out chemicals.聽
Seidel explains that technological change to support the drawdown in HFCs is already happening in developing countries like China and India. The amendment 鈥渂uilds on market forces that are beginning to take hold.鈥� This, coupled with the pressure developing states say they are feeling from climate change, means ratification may be more of a formality on the way to eliminating HFC gases.
鈥淭he process is underway and will continue regardless of when ratification and entry into force occurs,鈥� Seidel says.聽