海角大神

On Sunday, the Paris climate accord inched ever-closer to fruition with India鈥檚 support.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has said that India will ratify the agreement on Oct. 2 鈥� Mohandas Gandhi's birthday. The deal, which must be ratified by 55 UN member nations accounting for 55 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions before going into effect, has been hailed as a turning point in international climate change policy.

At last count, some 60 countries representing 48 percent of emissions had ratified the agreement. India鈥檚 participation brings a considerable 4.5 percent to the table, but the country鈥檚 promise may reflect something loftier: Gandhi鈥檚 lesser-known legacy of environmentalism.

Mohandas Gandhi wasn鈥檛 considered an environmentalist in his day, at least not in the same way Teddy Roosevelt and John Muir were. The Indian independence leader almost never used the term 鈥渆nvironment鈥� explicitly, nor did he advocate for the establishment of vast nature reserves, as many early conservationists did.

That may be because, in the early 20th century, environmental issues simply weren鈥檛 at the forefront of global conversation. In Gandhi鈥檚 view, such concerns didn鈥檛 make up a separate discipline 鈥� they were interconnected with political, economic and moral issues. In a 1928 edition of the journal Young India, he linked the competitive economic behavior of western nations to the depletion of natural resources.

鈥淕od forbid that India should take to industrialism after the manner of the West,鈥� Gandhi wrote. 鈥淭he economic imperialism of a tiny island kingdom (England) is today keeping the world in chains. If an entire nation of 300 million (India) took to similar economic exploitation it would strip the world bare like locusts.鈥�

Raised under British colonial rule, Gandhi was well aware of the relationships between rich and poor nations. He saw a vicious cycle, where nations depleted their own resources before moving on to extract from developing countries. Then, in the pursuit of industrial economy, those same developing nations would begin to do the same. The result? Deforestation, pollution, and loss of biodiversity.

In a paper for the World Wildlife Fund鈥檚 1996 symposium 鈥淕andhi and the Environment,鈥� Triloki Nath Khoshoo argued that the same dynamic exists today:

In this way, Gandhi鈥檚 environmentalism was a form of social justice. In advocating against the caste system, he argued that humanity could thrive only if no person took more than they needed. That perspective lives on today in the ethos of sustainability.

鈥淕andhi鈥檚 ecologism (if we can call it that) was about rural peasants eking out their subsistence and necessities from a piece of land,鈥� Pramod Parajuli, a professor of political ecology at Prescott College, wrote in 2002. 鈥淚n short, he might not have theorized the mathematics of sustainability but he showed us how to pursue sustainable livelihoods鈥︹��

It is unclear how Gandhi might have dealt with the question of climate change, which is itself so intertwined with economic and political issues. As the UN pushes to ratify the Paris agreement, many developing member nations have expressed concern that their own growth would be stunted by strict emission limits. Fully industrialized nations, the say, have already reaped the benefits of environmental carelessness.

On that point, Gandhi would probably have agreed. In 鈥淢ahatma Gandhi and the Environment,鈥� Khoshoo attributes a particularly eerie prediction to the late civil rights activist.

鈥淎 time is coming when those who are in mad rush today of multiplying their wants, will retrace their steps and say; what have we done?鈥�

This report includes material from the Associated Press.