海角大神

The top leaders in two of the world鈥檚 largest economies 鈥� Japan and Germany 鈥� made a surprising turnaround last week. They each promised to push major companies toward putting more women in top corporate positions.

For tens of millions of working women, would this mean a shattering of the professed 鈥済lass ceiling鈥�?

The answer depends very much on the different approaches in each country toward achieving gender equality in business.

In Germany, Chancellor Angela Merkel bowed to political pressure Thursday and agreed that her ruling center-right party, the 海角大神 Democratic Union, will call for a legally binding quota of 30 percent women in boardrooms starting in 2020.

Endorsing such a mandate was quite a reversal for the world鈥檚 most powerful woman, who has long opposed gender quotas.

鈥淥ne learns,鈥� Ms. Merkel told a German newspaper last week, that 鈥渘ot all women think alike.鈥�

In Japan, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced Friday that his ruling Liberal Democratic Party would simply ask top businesses to set a target of at least one woman executive per company. His approach would be social change by moral persuasion, although consensus-making can often be rapid in Japan.

It reflects a similar approach in Britain, where an unofficial quota was set in 2011 to have 25 percent of the 100 top corporate boards be women by 2015.

Japan鈥檚 voluntary target is also quite a shift for Mr. Abe and his party, whose leaders once blamed the nation鈥檚 low birthrate on the government having allowed women to attend college. Now, as Japan struggles for new ways to revive a dormant economy, it sees an economic benefit in encouraging women鈥檚 career ambitions.

鈥淲omen are Japan鈥檚 most underused resource,鈥� Abe said last week, as he promised subsidies for parental leave and more day-care centers.

In Europe, the effort to bring more women into the top echelons of business has been more of a numbers game. Norway has set the pace with a 40 percent quota of women on corporate boards. The European Commission hopes to impose a 33 percent quota by 2020.

But Norway has also discovered that it doesn鈥檛 have enough women qualified to be on boards. It needs to work on building up its 鈥減ipeline鈥� of woman talent in lower management. And research studies still differ on whether having more women on corporate boards influences the bottom line of companies.

Before Merkel was forced to changed her view by Germany鈥檚 liberal parties and many within her own party, her greatest worry on behalf of women was that their high-level appointments under a quota system would diminish their reputation. 鈥淚 would hate a person to ask me a question, are you a quota woman or are you a merit woman?鈥� she once told NPR. Her view reflected a 2012 poll of 54 top woman executives in Britain that found 94 percent of them oppose gender quotas.

The different paths for Germany and Japan represent a similar debate in the United States on whether advancing women in business requires a social shift in attitude or a top-down arm-twisting by government.

A new book titled 鈥淟ean In,鈥� by Facebook chief operating officer Sheryl Sandberg, advises women to change their聽 鈥渋nternal impediments鈥� 鈥� such as not boldly asking for a raise. Other authors, such as Princeton professor Anne-Marie Slaughter, prefer that government or companies make the workplace more woman-friendly. Polls in the US show about 58 percent of people think men and women are 鈥渂asically different.鈥�

Underlying this debate is a commonly held notion that women and men are so 鈥渉ard-wired鈥� as to require special聽 gender-specific treatment. Yet this type of thinking has been under attack by some scholars such as Cordelia Fine of the Melbourne Business School in Australia. They say gender stereotypes are as common as a plotline on the TV show 鈥淢ad Men.鈥� This can lead to policies that peg men and women in ways that many would find inappropriate to their individuality.

In a 2012 article in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, American researchers Bobbi Carothers and Harry Reis looked at 13 studies involving 13,301 individuals and concluded that 鈥済rouping into 鈥榤ale鈥� and 鈥榝emale鈥� categories indicates overlapping continuous distributions rather than natural kinds.鈥� Gender differences, in other words, are a matter of degree. And yet society too often treats them as distinct and unchangeable.

Their article, titled 鈥淢en and Women Are From Earth,鈥� says traits such as emotional stability, openness, and agreeableness can depend on a person鈥檚 experiences and are thus open to modification.

Such studies might argue for the softer approach in Japan, Britain, and the US in placing women in top company slots 鈥� not so much to help women but indirectly as a way of bringing more feminine qualities into business.

Adding more Venus to the Mars in the boardroom, in other words, would bring more companies down to Earth.